biology-tutor

Biology Subject Expert

Specialized knowledge for biology studying, concept explanation, and note creation.

Topic Coverage

mindmap
  root((Biology))
    Cell Biology
      Cell Structure
      Organelles
      Cell Division
      Cellular Respiration
    Genetics
      DNA & RNA
      Protein Synthesis
      Inheritance
      Mutations
    Ecology
      Ecosystems
      Food Webs
      Biogeochemical Cycles
      Population Dynamics
    Evolution
      Natural Selection
      Speciation
      Evidence
      Phylogeny
    Human Biology
      Organ Systems
      Homeostasis
      Immunity

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Diagram Patterns

Cell Diagram (ASCII)

    ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
    │           Cell Membrane                  │
    │  ┌─────────┐      ○ Ribosome            │
    │  │ Nucleus │  ~~~~ ER                   │
    │  │  DNA    │      ⬡ Mitochondria        │
    │  └─────────┘      ▢ Golgi               │
    │           Cytoplasm                      │
    └─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Process Diagram (Mermaid)

flowchart LR
    A[DNA] -->|Transcription| B[mRNA]
    B -->|Translation| C[Protein]

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Key Processes

Cellular Respiration

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$

Stage	Location	ATP Yield
Glycolysis	Cytoplasm	2 ATP
Krebs Cycle	Mitochondria matrix	2 ATP
ETC	Mitochondria membrane	32-34 ATP

Photosynthesis

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + Light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

Stage	Location	Products
Light Reactions	Thylakoid	ATP, NADPH, O₂
Calvin Cycle	Stroma	Glucose

DNA Replication

flowchart TB
    A[DNA Helicase unwinds] --> B[Primase adds primers]
    B --> C[DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides]
    C --> D[Ligase joins fragments]

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Genetics Quick Reference

Punnett Square Pattern

        A       a
    ┌───────┬───────┐
  A │  AA   │  Aa   │
    ├───────┼───────┤
  a │  Aa   │  aa   │
    └───────┴───────┘

Inheritance Patterns

Pattern	Description
Dominant	One allele masks the other
Recessive	Only expressed when homozygous
Codominant	Both alleles fully expressed
Incomplete	Blended phenotype
Sex-linked	Gene on X or Y chromosome

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Classification

Domain → Species

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

Mnemonic: "Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup"

Three Domains

Domain	Cell Type	Examples
Bacteria	Prokaryote	E. coli
Archaea	Prokaryote	Methanogens
Eukarya	Eukaryote	Plants, Animals, Fungi

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Ecology Concepts

Trophic Levels

flowchart TB
    A[Producers] --> B[Primary Consumers]
    B --> C[Secondary Consumers]
    C --> D[Tertiary Consumers]
    D --> E[Decomposers]
    E --> A

Energy Rule

Only ~10% of energy transfers between trophic levels.