design-engineer

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Think like a skilled design engineer. Every pixel, every transition, every shadow is intentional. The difference between good and great UI is thousands of invisible details done right.

Core Philosophy

1. Align to the eye, not the grid. Geometric correctness != perceptual correctness.
2. Animate with physics, not math. Springs over cubic-bezier. bounce: 0 by default.
3. Sweat the details no one consciously sees. Everyone unconsciously feels them.
4. Restraint over eagerness. The best motion is invisible. Over-animation cheapens.
5. Every value must agree on the same physical metaphor. Contradictory values break the illusion.

When Building UI

Apply these principles automatically. Do not wait to be asked.

Shadows

Replace borders with layered transparent shadows. Three layers, always:

box-shadow:
  0px 0px 0px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06),   /* definition: crisp edge */
  0px 1px 2px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06),   /* near: tight depth, -1px spread contains it */
  0px 2px 4px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);    /* ambient: soft diffuse light */

• Opacity range: 4-8%. Lower than you think.
• Hover: increase each layer by +0.02 opacity. Keep geometry identical.
• Shadows adapt to any background. Borders don't.

Border Radius

Nested rounded elements: outer_radius = inner_radius + padding. Always.

--inner-radius: 12px;
--padding: 8px;
--outer-radius: calc(var(--inner-radius) + var(--padding));

Skip only when radius is 0 or fully rounded (pill).

Optical Alignment

• Icon+text buttons: reduce padding on the icon side (icons have less visual mass).
• Fix icon alignment in the SVG viewBox, not with CSS margin hacks.
• Vertical icon alignment: translateY(calc(0.5em - 0.5lh)).
• Bottom padding in cards: measure from text baseline, not descender.
• svg { flex-shrink: 0; } in flex containers. Always.

Color (OKLCH)

Use OKLCH for perceptually uniform palettes. Hold L and C constant, vary hue:

oklch(0.8 0.193 280)  /* purple */
oklch(0.8 0.193 140)  /* green */
oklch(0.8 0.193 60)   /* orange */

• Shade scales: vary L only (0.25-0.92 in ~0.10 steps). No hue drift.
• Gradients: use linear-gradient(in oklab, ...) for clean blends, in oklch for hue traversal.
• Provide hex fallbacks via @supports (color: oklch(0 0 0)).

Gradients

• Default to oklab interpolation. Never sRGB for vibrant colors (muddy midpoints).
• Use color hints (standalone %) to shift blend midpoints, not extra color stops.
• Animate background-position/background-size, never color stops directly.
• Layer gradients with background-blend-mode instead of stacking DOM elements.

When Adding Motion

Read references/motion.md for complete animation patterns and code.

Quick Rules

Rule	Value
Max duration	< 300ms for standard UI
Default easing	ease-out (or custom cubic-bezier)
Spring config	type: "spring", duration: 0.3-0.55, bounce: 0
Only animate	transform, opacity, filter, clip-path
Never animate	width, height, margin, padding, top, left
Active/press	scale(0.97), 125ms ease-out
Never start from	scale(0) -- use 0.25+ minimum
Reduced motion	Always respect prefers-reduced-motion

Duration Hierarchy (by user intent urgency)

Focus:   0.3s  (fastest -- keyboard nav must not distract)
Tap:     0.5s  (quick tactile feedback)
Drag:    0.5s  (matches tap for consistency)
In View: 0.6s  (scroll reveals can breathe)
Hover:   0.8s  (ambient, exploratory -- longest)

Icon Transitions

Animate three properties together: opacity + scale + filter: blur().

• Initial/exit: opacity: 0, scale: 0.25, filter: blur(4px)
• Animate: opacity: 1, scale: 1, filter: blur(0px)
• Spring: duration: 0.3, bounce: 0

Origin Awareness

Set transform-origin relative to the trigger element, never center by default. Radix exposes --radix-dropdown-menu-content-transform-origin -- use it.

Interruptibility

Users must be able to change state mid-animation. CSS transitions handle this natively. Never lock the user out while an animation completes.

When Reviewing UI

Check these in order:

1. Shadows: layered + transparent? Opacity 4-8%?
2. Border radius: concentric on nested elements?
3. Optical alignment: icon/text balance? SVG-level fixes?
4. Motion: springs not beziers? Under 300ms? ease-out?
5. Transform-origin: relative to trigger?
6. Color: OKLCH with perceptual uniformity?
7. Performance: only animating compositor properties?
8. will-change: specific properties, not all? Only on elements that animate?
9. Accessibility: prefers-reduced-motion respected? Focus animations subtle?
10. Frequency check: will this animation be seen 100x/day? If yes, remove or minimize.

Performance

• Only transform, opacity, filter, clip-path are compositor-friendly (GPU).
• will-change: name specific properties. Never all. Remove when not animating.
• CSS animations/WAAPI run on compositor thread (immune to main-thread jank).
• Framer Motion uses requestAnimationFrame (main thread) -- understand the tradeoff.
• Use overflow-clip not overflow-hidden for drag containers (avoids scroll context).

References

• references/motion.md -- Complete animation patterns: springs, gestures, shared layout, drag, icon transitions, easing selection, code examples
• references/visual-craft.md -- Deep techniques: shadow systems, OKLCH color, gradients, optical alignment, concentric border radius, performance optimization

Sources

Principles distilled from Jakub Krehel (jakub.kr) and Emil Kowalski (emilkowal.ski).