ffmpeg-animation-timing-reference

CRITICAL GUIDELINES

Windows File Path Requirements

MANDATORY: Always Use Backslashes on Windows for File Paths

When using Edit or Write tools on Windows, you MUST use backslashes (\) in file paths, NOT forward slashes (/).

Documentation Guidelines

NEVER create new documentation files unless explicitly requested by the user.

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FFmpeg Animation Timing Reference

This skill is the authoritative answer to "what unit is this timing value in?" and "how long should this animation be?" for FFmpeg filters and ASS/SSA subtitles. Use it whenever animation, transition, caption, or sync timing is in play.

Quick Reference Card

Context	Unit	Example
FFmpeg filters (fade, xfade, drawtext)	Seconds	duration=1.5
FFmpeg zoompan d= parameter	Frames	d=150 (150 frames)
FFmpeg time variable t	Seconds	enable='gte(t,2)'
ASS karaoke tags (\k, \kf, \ko)	Centiseconds	{\k100} = 1 second
ASS animation tags (\t, \fad, \move)	Milliseconds	\t(0,500,...) = 0.5s
ASS dialogue timestamps	H:MM:SS.CC	0:00:05.50

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CRITICAL: ASS Has TWO Different Time Units!

This is the most common source of confusion in subtitle animations. Karaoke tags use centiseconds; everything else (animation, fade, move) uses milliseconds. Mixing them up causes animations to run 10x too fast or 10x too slow.

ASS/SSA Time Unit Disambiguation

Tag Type	Unit	Conversion	Example
Karaoke tags (\k, \kf, \ko, \K)	Centiseconds (1/100s)	x 100	{\k50} = 0.5 seconds
Animation tags (\t)	Milliseconds (1/1000s)	x 1000	\t(0,200,...) = 0.2 seconds
Fade tags (\fad)	Milliseconds	x 1000	\fad(300,0) = 0.3s fade in
Move tags (\move)	Milliseconds	x 1000	\move(x1,y1,x2,y2,0,500) = 0.5s
Dialogue timestamps	H:MM:SS.CC	Centiseconds	0:00:01.50 = 1.5 seconds

Same Duration, Different Units

; Both animations last 0.5 seconds but use DIFFERENT UNITS:

; Karaoke: 50 CENTISECONDS = 0.5 seconds
{\k50}Word

; Animation: 500 MILLISECONDS = 0.5 seconds
{\t(0,500,\fscx120)}Word

For full karaoke, fade, and move examples plus centisecond/millisecond conversion tables, see references/copy-paste-patterns.md.

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FFmpeg Time Units (Cheat Sheet)

Most FFmpeg filters take seconds (floating point). The big exception is zoompan d=, which is in frames.

Filter / Context	Parameter	Unit
fade / afade	d, st	Seconds
xfade / acrossfade	duration, offset	Seconds
drawtext	t variable, enable	Seconds
zoompan	d	Frames
zoompan	t variable inside z=	Seconds
trim	start, end	Seconds
fps	fps	Frames/second

Zoompan Duration: Frames, Not Seconds

# d= is FRAMES. For a 2-second zoom:
# 30fps: d=60   (60 frames / 30fps)
# 60fps: d=120  (120 frames / 60fps)
# Formula: frames = seconds * fps
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "zoompan=z='1.2':d=60:s=1080x1920" output.mp4

For viral-style hooks always use d=1 (per-frame processing) and gate the effect with a time conditional like if(lt(t,0.5),...). Setting d=60 would freeze the rest of the video. Full hook formulas and platform-specific zoom parameters are in references/optimal-durations.md.

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Core Workflow

1. Identify the context (FFmpeg filter vs ASS karaoke vs ASS animation vs dialogue timestamp) and read the Quick Reference Card to confirm the unit.
2. Pick a target duration based on perception (references/optimal-durations.md) and platform pacing (references/platform-and-sync.md).
3. Snap to frame boundaries if the value is short (<300ms) using the frame-safe table in references/platform-and-sync.md.
4. Choose an easing curve when the motion needs polish (references/easing-and-springs.md).
5. Validate against perception thresholds and sync tolerances so animations don't fall under the flicker threshold or break lip sync.
6. Copy the matching pattern from references/copy-paste-patterns.md and adapt parameters.

Activation Guidance

Pull the right reference based on the question:

Question shape	Load
"How long should this caption / transition / hook be?"	references/optimal-durations.md
"Why does my caption feel too fast / fail WCAG?"	references/caption-readability.md
"Does this work for TikTok / Shorts / Reels / broadcast?"	references/platform-and-sync.md
"Is my lip sync / beat sync within tolerance?"	references/platform-and-sync.md
"Will this duration look smooth at 30fps / 60fps?"	references/platform-and-sync.md
"Which easing curve / spring should I use?"	references/easing-and-springs.md
"Give me a ready-to-paste timing snippet."	references/copy-paste-patterns.md

Quick Duration Cheat Sheet

Duration	Use For
50-100ms	Glitch, flash
100-200ms	Quick UI feedback
200-300ms	Standard animation
300-500ms	Smooth transition
500-800ms	Noticeable movement
800-1500ms	Dramatic effect
1.5-3s	Caption display
3-5s	Long text reading

Hard floors: WCAG minimum caption duration is 1.5s. Minimum perceivable animation is ~67ms at 30fps, ~33ms at 60fps. Lip sync tolerance is +/-80ms (target +/-40ms).

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Reference Map

In-skill references (load on demand):

• references/optimal-durations.md - Human perception thresholds, recommended durations for text animations, video transitions, hook effects, karaoke; viral-video 1.3s attention threshold and platform-specific zoom parameters/hook formulas.
• references/caption-readability.md - Reading speed standards (WPM), caption duration formula, Python implementation, WCAG 2.2 accessibility requirements.
• references/platform-and-sync.md - TikTok / YouTube Shorts / Instagram Reels / Broadcast timing profiles, audio-video sync tolerances (lip sync, music, karaoke, SFX), frame rate precision and frame-safe duration table.
• references/easing-and-springs.md - Material Design timing, FFmpeg easing expressions, complete easing formulas (linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential, sine, circular, elastic, bounce, back), spring physics (mass-spring-damper), oscillation/wave/Lissajous formulas, pseudo-random noise, jitter/shake, fade/scale/position/rotation cookbook, biological rhythms, sources.
• references/copy-paste-patterns.md - Ready-to-paste FFmpeg and ASS timing snippets, frame rate conversion table, zoompan duration calculation.

Related Skills

• ffmpeg-karaoke-animated-text - Karaoke subtitle creation
• viral-video-animated-captions - CapCut-style animations
• ffmpeg-transitions-effects - Video transitions
• viral-video-hook-templates - Hook timing patterns
• ffmpeg-captions-subtitles - Subtitle fundamentals