gin

Gin Core Knowledge

Deep Knowledge: Use mcp__documentation__fetch_docs with technology: gin for comprehensive documentation.

Basic Setup

package main

import (
    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
    "net/http"
)

func main() {
    r := gin.Default()  // Logger and Recovery middleware

    r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
        c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello, World!")
    })

    r.Run(":8080")
}

Routing

Basic Routes

r := gin.Default()

r.GET("/users", listUsers)
r.GET("/users/:id", getUser)
r.POST("/users", createUser)
r.PUT("/users/:id", updateUser)
r.DELETE("/users/:id", deleteUser)

// Any HTTP method
r.Any("/any", handleAny)

// NoRoute handler
r.NoRoute(func(c *gin.Context) {
    c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": "not found"})
})

Path Parameters

// Single parameter
r.GET("/users/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
    id := c.Param("id")
    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"id": id})
})

// Wildcard
r.GET("/files/*filepath", func(c *gin.Context) {
    filepath := c.Param("filepath")
    c.String(http.StatusOK, "File: %s", filepath)
})

Route Groups

api := r.Group("/api")
{
    v1 := api.Group("/v1")
    {
        v1.GET("/users", listUsersV1)
        v1.POST("/users", createUserV1)
    }

    v2 := api.Group("/v2")
    {
        v2.GET("/users", listUsersV2)
        v2.POST("/users", createUserV2)
    }
}

Request Binding

JSON Binding

type CreateUserRequest struct {
    Name  string `json:"name" binding:"required"`
    Email string `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
    Age   int    `json:"age" binding:"gte=0,lte=130"`
}

func createUser(c *gin.Context) {
    var req CreateUserRequest
    if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req); err != nil {
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
        return
    }

    c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, gin.H{
        "name":  req.Name,
        "email": req.Email,
    })
}

Query Binding

type ListUsersQuery struct {
    Page    int    `form:"page" binding:"gte=1"`
    PerPage int    `form:"per_page" binding:"gte=1,lte=100"`
    Sort    string `form:"sort"`
}

func listUsers(c *gin.Context) {
    var query ListUsersQuery
    query.Page = 1
    query.PerPage = 20

    if err := c.ShouldBindQuery(&query); err != nil {
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
        return
    }

    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
        "page":     query.Page,
        "per_page": query.PerPage,
    })
}

Form Binding

type LoginForm struct {
    Username string `form:"username" binding:"required"`
    Password string `form:"password" binding:"required"`
}

func login(c *gin.Context) {
    var form LoginForm
    if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
        return
    }

    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"username": form.Username})
}

URI Binding

type UserURI struct {
    ID uint `uri:"id" binding:"required"`
}

func getUser(c *gin.Context) {
    var uri UserURI
    if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&uri); err != nil {
        c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
        return
    }

    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"id": uri.ID})
}

Validation

Custom Validator

import "github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"

var validateUsername validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
    username := fl.Field().String()
    return len(username) >= 3 && len(username) <= 20
}

func main() {
    r := gin.Default()

    if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
        v.RegisterValidation("username", validateUsername)
    }

    r.Run(":8080")
}

type RegisterRequest struct {
    Username string `json:"username" binding:"required,username"`
    Email    string `json:"email" binding:"required,email"`
}

Middleware

Built-in Middleware

r := gin.New()

r.Use(gin.Logger())
r.Use(gin.Recovery())

r.Use(gin.LoggerWithFormatter(func(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s - [%s] %s %s %d %s\n",
        param.ClientIP,
        param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC1123),
        param.Method,
        param.Path,
        param.StatusCode,
        param.Latency,
    )
}))

Custom Middleware

func TimingMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
    return func(c *gin.Context) {
        start := time.Now()
        c.Next()
        duration := time.Since(start)
        c.Header("X-Response-Time", duration.String())
    }
}

func main() {
    r := gin.Default()
    r.Use(TimingMiddleware())
}

Authentication Middleware

func AuthMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
    return func(c *gin.Context) {
        token := c.GetHeader("Authorization")

        if token == "" {
            c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "missing token"})
            c.Abort()
            return
        }

        if !strings.HasPrefix(token, "Bearer ") {
            c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "invalid format"})
            c.Abort()
            return
        }

        tokenString := token[7:]
        user, err := validateToken(tokenString)
        if err != nil {
            c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"error": "invalid token"})
            c.Abort()
            return
        }

        c.Set("user", user)
        c.Next()
    }
}

protected := r.Group("/api")
protected.Use(AuthMiddleware())
{
    protected.GET("/me", getMe)
}

func getMe(c *gin.Context) {
    user, _ := c.Get("user")
    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, user)
}

CORS Middleware

import "github.com/gin-contrib/cors"

func main() {
    r := gin.Default()

    r.Use(cors.New(cors.Config{
        AllowOrigins:     []string{"https://example.com"},
        AllowMethods:     []string{"GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"},
        AllowHeaders:     []string{"Origin", "Content-Type", "Authorization"},
        AllowCredentials: true,
        MaxAge:           12 * time.Hour,
    }))

    r.Run(":8080")
}

Response Rendering

JSON Response

func getUser(c *gin.Context) {
    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
        "id":   1,
        "name": "Alice",
    })
}

type User struct {
    ID   uint   `json:"id"`
    Name string `json:"name"`
}

func getUser(c *gin.Context) {
    user := User{ID: 1, Name: "Alice"}
    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, user)
}

Other Formats

c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hello"})
c.YAML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hello"})
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello, %s!", name)
c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "https://example.com")
c.File("./static/file.txt")

Production Readiness

Configuration

func main() {
    gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)

    r := gin.New()
    r.Use(gin.Recovery())
    r.Use(gin.LoggerWithConfig(gin.LoggerConfig{
        Formatter: jsonLogFormatter,
        Output:    os.Stdout,
    }))

    r.Run(":8080")
}

func jsonLogFormatter(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string {
    log := map[string]interface{}{
        "timestamp": param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC3339),
        "status":    param.StatusCode,
        "latency":   param.Latency.Milliseconds(),
        "method":    param.Method,
        "path":      param.Path,
    }
    b, _ := json.Marshal(log)
    return string(b) + "\n"
}

Health Checks

func healthHandler(c *gin.Context) {
    c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "healthy"})
}

func readyHandler(db *sql.DB) gin.HandlerFunc {
    return func(c *gin.Context) {
        ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c.Request.Context(), 2*time.Second)
        defer cancel()

        if err := db.PingContext(ctx); err != nil {
            c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{
                "status":   "not ready",
                "database": "disconnected",
            })
            return
        }

        c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
            "status":   "ready",
            "database": "connected",
        })
    }
}

Graceful Shutdown

func main() {
    r := gin.Default()
    r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
        c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello")
    })

    srv := &http.Server{
        Addr:    ":8080",
        Handler: r,
    }

    go func() {
        if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != http.ErrServerClosed {
            log.Fatalf("listen: %s\n", err)
        }
    }()

    quit := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
    signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
    <-quit
    log.Println("Shutting down...")

    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
    defer cancel()

    if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
        log.Fatal("Server forced to shutdown:", err)
    }
}

Checklist

• gin.ReleaseMode for production
• CORS configured
• Authentication middleware
• Request validation
• Structured JSON logging
• Health/readiness endpoints
• Graceful shutdown
• Rate limiting

When NOT to Use This Skill

• Echo projects - Echo has different middleware patterns
• Fiber projects - Fiber is Express-like with different API
• Chi projects - Chi is stdlib-compatible router
• gRPC services - Use gRPC framework directly
• Minimal stdlib apps - Gin adds dependency overhead

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Why It's Bad	Solution
Using gin.Default() without knowing	Includes logger/recovery you may not want	Use gin.New() and add middleware explicitly
Not checking binding errors	Invalid data processed	Always check ShouldBindJSON() error
Using c.String() for JSON	Manual serialization error-prone	Use c.JSON() instead
Global variables for config	Hard to test	Pass config via context or dependency injection
Missing validation tags	No input validation	Use binding:"required,email" tags
Not setting gin.ReleaseMode	Debug logs in production	Set gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)

Quick Troubleshooting

Problem	Diagnosis	Fix
Route not found (404)	Route not registered	Check router setup and method
Binding fails silently	Not checking error	Check ShouldBindJSON() return value
CORS errors	Not configured	Use gin-contrib/cors middleware
Middleware not executing	Wrong order	Place middleware before routes
Panic in handler	No recovery middleware	Use gin.Recovery()
Slow JSON serialization	Large response	Use c.Stream() or pagination

Reference Documentation

• Routing
• Binding
• Middleware