incident-triage

Incident Triage — Security Incident Response

Guide rapid triage and initial response to security incidents. Follow NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 3 (April 2025), which replaced Rev. 2's four-phase lifecycle with the CSF 2.0 Functions: Govern, Identify and Protect are the preparation that happens before an incident; Detect, Respond and Recover are the response. This skill covers the first hours — Detect through the start of Respond — and hands off the rest. Each step names the CSF 2.0 outcomes it produces, so the report maps straight onto the organization's CSF profile (see csf-mapping).

Cross-references: siem-detection for the rules that produced the alert this triage is responding to, disk-forensics for deeper disk and memory analysis once a host is contained, breach-patterns for the post-incident pattern extraction that hardens against recurrence, soc-operations for the operational layer above this skill (runbooks, escalation, handoff), security-comms for the stakeholder / customer notifications the response generates, privacy-engineering / hipaa-audit / pci-audit for the regulatory-clock determination when personal data, PHI, or cardholder data is involved, ai-risk-management for AI-specific incident classes (model failure, fairness drift, jailbreak exploitation in production), agent-supply-chain-audit when the suspected entry point is an AI coding-agent extension (a skill, plugin, hook or MCP server), log-watch for the scheduled log review that often raises the first alert on small teams, secrets-audit for its exfiltration-collector domain list (webhook.site, requestbin, ngrok, Discord / Telegram / Slack webhooks) to check egress logs against when credential theft is suspected.

Authorization

Act only for the system owner or the incident lead, on systems in scope. The read-only commands below (process, network, user and file listings) are pre-approved. Every containment action — blocking, isolating, disabling an account, stopping a service — changes production: name the action and its blast radius, and get the incident lead's go-ahead before running it. Never touch systems outside the declared scope, even if indicators point there; report them instead.

Priorities (in order)

1. Preserve human safety
2. Contain the incident to prevent further damage
3. Preserve evidence for investigation
4. Identify root cause and scope
5. Document everything

Step 1: Declare, validate and prioritize (DE.AE-02, DE.AE-08, RS.MA-02, RS.MA-03)

Is it an incident? Validate the report before mobilizing: confirm the alert against a second source (raw log, the host itself), rule out a known change or test, and record who reported it and when. If it meets the organization's incident criteria, declare it and record the declaration time (UTC) — regulatory clocks often start from discovery or determination, not from the attack. If the IR plan names an incident lead, third parties (MSSP, IR retainer, cyber insurer — many policies require notice before you engage outside responders), or a war-room channel, start them now (RS.MA-01).

Determine incident type:

• Malware: ransomware, trojan, worm, cryptominer
• Unauthorized access: compromised credentials, exploitation
• Data exfiltration: data theft, insider threat
• Denial of service
• Web compromise: defacement, skimming, backdoor
• Phishing / social engineering

Determine severity:

• Critical: active data exfiltration, ransomware spreading, critical system compromise
• High: confirmed compromise, malware detected, unauthorized access
• Medium: suspicious activity, potential indicators, failed attacks
• Low: policy violation, reconnaissance detected, likely false positive

Escalate (RS.MA-04) when severity is High or above, regulated data (personal data, PHI, cardholder data) may be involved, the attacker may still be active, or the scope crosses teams or vendors.

Step 2: Initial Containment (RS.MI-01)

Based on type and severity:

• Network: block suspicious IPs/domains at firewall
• Host: isolate affected system (network disconnect, NOT power off — volatile memory is evidence)
• Account: disable compromised accounts, force password resets
• Application: disable affected service if safe to do so
• Credentials and tokens: revoke sessions and rotate keys the attacker could hold; secrets-audit for where they live

Contain without tipping off an active attacker when you can: if they're still inside, coordinate the isolate, disable and rotate steps to happen together, or they'll pivot to the persistence you haven't found.

Critical: Do NOT power off systems. Volatile memory contains evidence.

Step 3: Evidence Preservation (RS.AN-06, RS.AN-07)

Capture in order of volatility (most volatile first):

# 1. Running processes
ps auxf                         # Linux
tasklist /v                     # Windows

# 2. Network connections
ss -tupn                        # Linux
netstat -anob                   # Windows

# 3. Logged-in users
who -a                          # Linux
query user                      # Windows

# 4. Open files
lsof -nP                        # Linux

# 5. System logs
journalctl --since "1 hour ago" # Linux/systemd

If memory forensics tools are available (LiME, WinPmem), capture a memory dump before anything else.

Preserve integrity and provenance: hash every artifact at collection (sha256sum), record who collected it, from where, and when, and keep an action log of every command run and containment step taken (time, actor, result). Copy cloud and SaaS logs before their retention window rotates them out. Deeper image and memory analysis goes to disk-forensics.

Step 4: Initial Analysis and Scoping (RS.AN-03, RS.AN-08)

For each suspicious indicator, document:

• What: describe the artifact
• When: timestamps in UTC
• Where: affected system(s)
• How: how it was detected

Common analysis:

• Process tree: look for unusual process names, paths, or parent-child relationships
• Network indicators: unusual outbound connections, DNS queries to suspicious domains, beaconing patterns (regular intervals)
• File indicators: recently modified files in unusual locations, hidden files, new executables
• Log analysis: authentication failures, privilege escalation, service changes, cleared logs
• Persistence: crontab, systemd units, registry Run keys, scheduled tasks, startup items

Estimate magnitude (RS.AN-08) and keep it current: which systems, accounts and data sets are affected, what the attacker could reach from there, and the earliest known activity. Write scope as known / suspected / ruled out, each with its evidence — the notification decision depends on it.

Step 5: IOC Extraction (RS.AN-07, RS.CO-03)

Extract and document all indicators of compromise:

Type	Examples
IP addresses	Source and destination IPs
Domains	C2 domains, phishing domains
File hashes	MD5 and SHA256 of suspicious files
File paths	Malware locations, dropped files
Email addresses	Phishing sender addresses
URLs	Malicious URLs, C2 endpoints
User agents	Unusual or known-malicious user agents

Feed the IOCs back into detection (siem-detection, threat-hunting to sweep for them elsewhere) and share them with the designated parties (ISAC, vendor, IR retainer) once the incident lead approves.

Step 6: Communication and notification clocks (RS.CO-02, RS.CO-03)

Notify internal stakeholders per the IR plan, and identify which external clocks may have started. Counsel makes the determination; your job is to surface the facts and the deadlines early. Common ones (verify current text):

Regime	Clock
GDPR (personal data)	72 hours from awareness, to the supervisory authority
NIS2 (EU essential / important entities)	24-hour early warning, 72-hour notification, final report in a month
HIPAA (PHI)	Without unreasonable delay, no later than 60 days from discovery
SEC Form 8-K Item 1.05 (US public companies)	4 business days after the incident is determined material
PCI DSS (cardholder data)	Per the card brands and acquirer — usually immediately
US state breach laws, contracts, cyber insurance	Vary; check the contract and policy

Draft messages with security-comms; the regulated-data determination lives in privacy-engineering, hipaa-audit and pci-audit.

Step 7: Hand off eradication, recovery and lessons learned (RS.MI-02, RS.MA-05, RC.RP, ID.IM)

Triage ends when the incident is contained and scoped. Record, for the next owner:

• Eradication (RS.MI-02): every persistence mechanism and credential to remove or rotate, and how you'll confirm it's gone
• Recovery (RS.MA-05, RC.RP): the criteria for starting recovery, restore points known to be clean, and the checks that confirm restored systems are healthy before they rejoin production
• Lessons learned (ID.IM): schedule the post-incident review; breach-patterns turns it into audit questions

Output Format

# Incident Triage Report
## Incident ID: [ID]
## Date/Time: [UTC]
## Severity: [Critical/High/Medium/Low]
## Classification: [incident type]
## Status: [Triage/Contained/Analyzing/Recovering/Closed]
## Declared: [UTC time and who declared]   ## Incident lead: [name]

### Summary
[2-3 sentence overview]

### Scope
| Asset (host / account / data set) | Status (known / suspected / ruled out) | Evidence |
|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------|----------|

### Timeline
| Time (UTC) | Event | Source | Notes |
|------------|-------|--------|-------|

### Indicators of Compromise
| Type | Value | Context | Confidence |
|------|-------|---------|------------|

### Action Log
| Time (UTC) | Actor | Action | Approved by | Result |
|------------|-------|--------|-------------|--------|

### Evidence Preserved
| Type | Location | Hash | Notes |
|------|----------|------|-------|

### Recommended Next Steps
1. [Immediate priority]
2. [Short-term action]
3. [Follow-up investigation]

### Notification Clocks
| Regime | Clock started (UTC) | Deadline | Owner | Status |
|--------|---------------------|----------|-------|--------|

### Escalation Checklist
- [ ] Incident lead and management notified
- [ ] Legal / counsel notified (if regulated data may be involved)
- [ ] Cyber insurer notified (before engaging outside responders, if the policy requires it)
- [ ] Law enforcement (if applicable)
- [ ] Affected parties notified (per counsel)

### Handoff
- Eradication: [persistence and credentials to remove, how to confirm]
- Recovery: [criteria, clean restore points, health checks]
- Lessons learned: [review date, owner]

Boundaries

• Focus on defense and containment, not counter-attack
• Preserve evidence — never modify logs or timestamps
• Recommend legal/management escalation for confirmed breaches
• If unsure about a containment action's impact, advise caution and ask
• Never recommend "hacking back" or retaliatory actions
• Refuse requests to cover up incidents or tamper with evidence

References

• NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 3 (April 2025): Incident Response Recommendations and Considerations for Cybersecurity Risk Management — a CSF 2.0 Community Profile; supersedes Rev. 2 (2012)
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 (Respond and Recover Functions)
• SANS Incident Handler's Handbook
• MITRE ATT&CK Framework