moonbit-js-binding

MoonBit JS Binding Guide

Step-by-step workflow for binding JavaScript APIs (browser DOM, Node built-ins, npm packages) to MoonBit through the js backend.

Verified against MoonBit v0.10.12 and moonbitlang/async 0.21.0.

When To Use

Use this skill when:

• Adding extern "js" fn declarations for a JS API
• Embedding inline JS (#| (x) => ...) or importing by module+name (= "Math" "max")
• Configuring moon.pkg with link.js exports and format: esm/cjs/iife
• Wrapping JS objects with #external pub type and %identity casts
• Bridging Promises with async fn + %async.suspend + %async.run
• Mapping undefined / null distinctly into MoonBit Option
• Consuming npm packages via require(...) or ESM imports
• Generating .d.ts for TypeScript consumers

Plan Mode Instructions

If you are in plan mode and creating a plan for moonbit-js-binding work:

1. In your final plan file, include an explicit instruction at the beginning that tells the executing agent to read the moonbit-js-binding skill before starting implementation.
2. The instruction should look like this:

   **Before starting implementation:** Use the Skill tool to load the moonbit-js-binding skill, which provides comprehensive guidance on `extern "js"` declarations, JS value wrapping, Promise bridging, and moon.pkg export configuration.
   

Type Mapping

Map JS types to MoonBit types before writing any declarations.

JavaScript	MoonBit	Notes
boolean	Bool	Direct
number (integer)	Int, UInt	JS is IEEE-754; large Int64 will lose precision — use BigInt instead
number (float)	Float, Double	Direct
bigint	BigInt	Direct
string	String	Direct (both UTF-16)
Uint8Array	Bytes, FixedArray[Byte]	Direct — no copy
Array<T>	Array[T], FixedArray[T]	Direct
Function	FuncRef[(...) -> R] or closure	Direct
any (opaque)	#external pub type JsValue	Wrap in a nominal type
T | undefined	T? via is_undefined check	See Null/Undefined section
T | null	Nullable[T] wrapper	null is NOT undefined
Promise<T>	#external pub type Promise[T]	Bridge with async fn/wait()
constant enum	number	pub(all) enum E { A; B }

Warning — Number precision: JavaScript has no integer type. Values crossing the FFI boundary round to IEEE-754 doubles. Int is fine for \|x\| < 2^53; beyond that use BigInt. UInt64 / Int64 currently map through JS number and lose bits above 2^53.

Warning — Trait objects & MoonBit enums: Passing Map[K, V], Result[_], Json, or non-#external trait objects across FFI exposes MoonBit's internal runtime shape. Convert to plain structs, JsValue, or primitives first.

Workflow

Follow these 4 phases in order.

Phase 1: Project Setup

Configure the module and package for JS output.

Module (moon.mod) — set preferred_target so moon check, moon build, moon test default to js. Since v0.10.9 the compiler's own default target is wasm, so without this every command needs --target js:

name = "user/pkg"

version = "0.1.0"

source = "src"

preferred_target = "js"

import {
  "moonbitlang/[email protected]",
}

The JSON form moon.mod.json (with the hyphenated preferred-target, source and deps keys) is deprecated and slated for removal. moon fmt migrates an existing project to the DSL.

Package (src/moon.pkg) — gate .mbt files to the js backend and configure link output.

File format — moon.pkg (DSL) vs moon.pkg.json (JSON): MoonBit still reads either filename, but JSON support is deprecated and scheduled for removal. This skill uses the DSL form moon.pkg (no extension) throughout. Do NOT write moon.pkg.json; it is a different syntax (pure JSON, no options(...) wrapper, no trailing commas). Mixing them mid-project causes "Unable to read moon.pkg" parse errors. If you cloned an older template using .pkg.json, run moon fmt to convert it.

targets: — only needed for backend-specific files: The targets: block gates individual .mbt files to a subset of backends. Files that contain extern "js", extern "c", or backend-specific #cfg blocks must be listed. Pure MoonBit files (no FFI) do NOT need a targets: entry — if every file in the package is pure MoonBit, omit the targets: block entirely. The example above lists ffi.mbt / async.mbt because they contain extern "js"; a simple library with no FFI only needs link: { ... }.

import {
  "moonbitlang/async",
} for "test"

options(
  targets: {
    "ffi.mbt": ["js"],
    "async.mbt": ["js"],
    "async_test.mbt": ["js"],
  },
  link: {
    "js": {
      "exports": ["add", "greet"],
      "format": "esm",
    },
  },
)

Key fields:

Field	Purpose
targets	Gate .mbt files to ["js"]. JS-only FFI files MUST be gated or they break other backends.
link.js.exports	List public functions to re-export from the output module. Use "name:alias" to rename.
link.js.format	"esm" (ES modules, default for modern bundlers), "cjs" (Node require), or "iife" (browser script tag).
import ... for "test"	moonbitlang/async is only needed in tests (async test) — keep it out of production build.

Warning — supported-targets vs targets: Do NOT use supported-targets: ["js"] at the package level. It blocks downstream consumers. Gate individual files with targets instead.

Warning — preferred_target = "js": This is a default, not a lock. moon test --target wasm-gc still works on files that support it — useful for cross-backend libraries.

Two ways to gate code by backend — targets: (file-level) vs #cfg() (declaration-level):

Approach	Granularity	When to use
targets: { "foo.mbt": ["js"] } in moon.pkg	Whole file	File is wholly JS-specific (FFI-only, backend-exclusive logic). Cleanest when the JS code doesn't need to share state with other backends.
#cfg(target="js") on a declaration	Single fn, const, or block	A mostly-shared module needs a backend-specific implementation of one symbol. Keeps related code in one file.

Conditions you will see inside #cfg(...):

#cfg(target="js")                          // JS only
#cfg(target="native")                      // native only
#cfg(not(target="js"))                     // everything except JS
#cfg(any(target="wasm", target="wasm-gc")) // either wasm backend
#cfg(any(target="native", target="llvm"))  // either non-GC backend
#cfg(false)                                // always exclude (quick disable)

moonbitlang/core uses this pattern extensively — e.g. Int16::from_int64 has a %i64_to_i16 intrinsic on native/wasm but a fallback implementation on JS where 64-bit integers don't have a native representation:

///|
#cfg(not(target="js"))
pub fn Int16::from_int64(self : Int64) -> Int16 = "%i64_to_i16"

///|
#cfg(target="js")
pub fn Int16::from_int64(self : Int64) -> Int16 {
  Int16::from_int(self.to_int())
}

The same file-level rule applies to #cfg: every target your function is callable from must have exactly one matching definition. Overlapping #cfg guards are a compile error. #cfg(target="js") + #cfg(not(target="js")) cover everything; #cfg(target="js") alone on a non-intrinsic declaration means that function does not exist on other backends and any code that calls it must itself be #cfg-gated (or live in a file gated via targets:).

Choosing between them: If the whole file is extern "js" wrappers, gate the file via targets: — simpler, and moon check --target wasm-gc skips the file entirely. If you are writing a cross-backend library where 90% of the logic is shared and only a few functions differ, reach for #cfg.

Phase 2: FFI Layer

Write extern "js" declarations. Keep them private (or prefixed ffi_); expose safe wrappers in Phase 3.

Inline JS (#| literal):

///|
extern "js" fn ffi_console_log(msg : String) -> Unit =
  #| (msg) => console.log(msg)

///|
extern "js" fn ffi_sqrt(x : Double) -> Double =
  #| (x) => Math.sqrt(x)

The #| literal is the function body as raw JS source. The MoonBit compiler inlines it at the call site — no closure allocation at runtime.

Module-and-name form (imports an existing JS function directly):

///|
extern "js" fn math_max(a : Double, b : Double) -> Double = "Math" "max"

Use this when you want to reference a globally accessible function without wrapping it in a closure. Slightly faster and smaller.

#module("pkg") — compile-time ESM / CJS import:

For named exports from JS modules (Node built-ins, npm packages, local .js files), annotate the extern "js" with #module("module-id"). The right-hand side is the export name inside that module (not an inline JS body):

///|
#module("node:path")
extern "js" fn path_basename(p : String) -> String = "basename"

///|
#module("node:path")
extern "js" fn path_extname(p : String) -> String = "extname"

What the compiler emits:

link.js.format	Generated code
"esm"	import { basename as basename$7 } from "node:path";
"cjs"	const { basename: basename$1548 } = require("node:path");
"iife"	same CJS-style destructure (wrapped in the IIFE)

Why #module() beats a hand-rolled require("...") wrapper:

• Statically analyzable. Vite / esbuild / Rollup can trace the dependency, tree-shake, and resolve paths correctly.
• Format-agnostic source. The same .mbt file works under ESM (where require isn't defined) and CJS without a second code path.
• Smaller generated code. No per-call closure; the destructured local is reused.
• Bundler-compatible paths. Works for npm package specifiers ("lodash"), Node built-ins ("node:path"), relative files ("./helpers.js"), and URL-style specifiers when supported by the runtime.

Constraints:

1. Named exports only. The RHS must be a key exported from the module. For default exports or modules whose top-level value is the function itself, you need a bridge re-export on the JS side, or fall back to inline import/require in an FFI body.
2. One export per declaration. You cannot share a destructure across multiple #module FFIs — each annotation generates its own import line. The compiler deduplicates the module specifier, so you pay one require per unique module, not per function.
3. Module-name literal must be compile-time constant. Dynamic module paths (#module(some_variable)) are not supported. For dynamically chosen modules, fall back to require(name) in inline JS.
4. No inline body allowed. #module("pkg") + extern "js" fn f() = "name" is the only shape. Mixing with #| (...) => ... is a compile error.
5. Browser globals don't need it. For window, document, fetch, Math, etc., use inline JS or the module+name form (= "Math" "max"); they are not imported, just accessed.
6. Side-effectful imports are still side-effectful. The import/require fires when the compiled module loads. If pkg has top-level side effects (CLI banners, global patching), they run during import even if you never call the FFI function.
7. Test vs release format. moon test uses CJS harness regardless of your link.js.format. If a module is ESM-only (no CJS entry point in package.json exports), its tests may fail even though moon build --release works. Gate those tests or use a dual-format package.

When to use which form:

Form	Use when
#|(x) => ... inline	Small expression, complex logic, need to compose multiple JS calls in one wrapper
= "Math" "max" module+name	Calling a pre-defined global function (no module import needed)
#module("pkg") + = "name"	Calling a named export from an importable module (Node built-in, npm package, local file)
require("pkg").get("name") helper	Dynamic module name, or module-name only known at runtime

Multi-line inline JS:

///|
extern "js" fn ffi_do_work(x : Int) -> Int =
  #| (x) => {
  #|   const y = x * 2;
  #|   return y + 1;
  #| }

Opaque JS value pattern:

For anything without a MoonBit equivalent (DOM nodes, npm objects, undefined, null), wrap it in #external pub type:

///|
#external
pub type JsValue

///|
/// Zero-cost bitcast — compiles to nothing.
pub fn[A, B] identity(a : A) -> B = "%identity"

%identity is a compiler intrinsic: it moves a value across types at the type-checker level and emits no JS code. Use it to lift primitives into JsValue and back. It is unchecked at runtime — wrong use is a silent type error.

Generic FFI operations on JsValue:

///|
pub extern "js" fn JsValue::get(self : JsValue, key : String) -> JsValue =
  #| (obj, key) => obj[key]

///|
pub extern "js" fn JsValue::set(
  self : JsValue,
  key : String,
  value : JsValue,
) -> Unit =
  #| (obj, key, value) => { obj[key] = value }

///|
pub extern "js" fn JsValue::call_method(
  self : JsValue,
  name : String,
  args : Array[JsValue],
) -> JsValue =
  #| (obj, name, args) => obj[name](...args)

These three primitives ( get / set / call_method ) can express virtually any JS object interaction.

Null / undefined distinction:

MoonBit T? cannot represent T | null | undefined safely — you'd get Some(null). Check explicitly with is_undefined / is_null:

///|
pub extern "js" fn is_undefined(v : JsValue) -> Bool =
  #| (v) => v === undefined

///|
pub fn[T] js_get_opt(obj : JsValue, key : String) -> T? {
  let v = obj.get(key)
  if is_undefined(v) {
    None
  } else {
    Some(identity(v))
  }
}

For libraries that distinguish null from undefined (e.g. FileReader.error), introduce Nullable[T] and Nullish[T] wrapper types and narrow with explicit checks.

Phase 3: MoonBit API

Build safe, typed, pub wrappers over the raw ffi_* externs.

///|
pub fn console_log(msg : String) -> Unit {
  ffi_console_log(msg)
}

///|
pub fn sqrt(x : Double) -> Double {
  if x < 0 { panic() }
  ffi_sqrt(x)
}

Exports to JS consumers:

Anything listed in moon.pkg link.js.exports must be pub. The compiler emits a named ESM export (or CJS property, or IIFE global) for each. A .d.ts is generated automatically from the public signature.

#export_name (v0.10.4) pins the emitted symbol name on a single pub, non-generic function and is now preferred over backend-specific exports link configuration for new exports. It does not work on generic functions or functions with optional arguments, and the name must be a valid C identifier that is unique in the package.

#export_name("add_ints")
pub fn add(a : Int, b : Int) -> Int { a + b }

Export configuration is scoped to the package that produces the artifact — an attribute inside a dependency does not add a symbol to your output.

Phase 4: Promise / Async Bridging

MoonBit async uses two compiler intrinsics that translate to JS Promise internals:

Intrinsic	Role
%async.suspend	Convert a resume/reject callback pair into an await point
%async.run	Start an async computation from a sync context

Canonical setup (see references/promise-bridging.md for full detail). Declare in this order — each item depends on the previous:

///|
#external
pub type Promise[T]

///|
/// Cast Promise[T] to JsValue so JsValue methods (get/call_method) apply.
/// Required by `Promise::wait` below.
pub fn[T] Promise::to_any(self : Promise[T]) -> JsValue = "%identity"

///|
pub async fn[T, E : Error] suspend(
  f : ((T) -> Unit, (E) -> Unit) -> Unit,
) -> T raise E = "%async.suspend"

///|
pub fn run_async(f : async () -> Unit noraise) -> Unit = "%async.run"

///|
/// The bridge. `await promise` in JS = `promise.wait()` in MoonBit.
pub async fn[T] Promise::wait(self : Promise[T]) -> T {
  suspend(fn(ok, err) {
    self.to_any().call_method("then", [identity(fn(v : JsValue) { ok(identity(v)) })])
        .call_method("catch", [identity(fn(e : JsValue) { err(identity(e)) })])
    |> ignore
  })
}

When do you need %async.run vs just %async.suspend?

Situation	Need run_async?	Why
async test "..." { ... } block	No	The test harness already runs the block in an async context
pub async fn calling .wait()	No	The caller is already async; await chains naturally
Exported MoonBit sync function that kicks off a Promise and returns it to JS	Yes	You are crossing sync → async; run_async schedules the body
Constructing a Promise[T] from an async fn executor	Yes	The executor body must run even though new Promise(...) is sync

In short: async test users never write run_async. It is needed only when %identity-casting async computations into JS Promise land from a sync context.

Standard pattern — FFI returning Promise + async wrapper:

///|
extern "js" fn ffi_fetch_text(url : String) -> Promise[String] =
  #| (url) => fetch(url).then(r => r.text())

///|
pub async fn fetch_text(url : String) -> String {
  ffi_fetch_text(url).wait()
}

Callers write let body = fetch_text(url) inside an async test or async fn — no .wait() needed at the call site. Tests:

async test "fetch_text resolves" {
  let body = fetch_text("https://example.com")
  inspect(body.length() > 0, content="true")
}

Note — moonbitlang/async: async test blocks require import { "moonbitlang/async" } for "test" in moon.pkg. The dependency is only needed at test time. Add with moon add moonbitlang/async — version 0.17.0 or later is required (older 0.1.x releases don't support the current %async.suspend ABI). Verified with 0.21.0.

Breaking changes to watch when upgrading past 0.20: @http.Headers is now a case-insensitive map rather than Map[String, String]; @fs dropped the create / truncate parameters and @fs.write_file now defaults to CreateOrTruncate; @stdio.{Input,Output}::fd raises instead of returning; @async.protect_from_cancel defaults to resume_on_cancel=true. The runtime also aborts on detected deadlocks (@async.set_deadlock_handler to configure).

Phase 5: Testing

moon check                           # type-check, fast
moon test                            # run all tests (js is default)
moon test src --filter "greet"       # filter by name
moon build                           # emit .js + .d.ts to _build/js/release/build/

Build output paths — debug vs release:

Command	Output directory
moon build (default)	_build/js/debug/build/<pkg>.js + .d.ts
moon build --release	_build/js/release/build/<pkg>.js + .d.ts
moon test (auto)	_build/js/debug/test/<pkg>.{internal,blackbox}_test.js

.d.ts is generated in both modes. For publishing to npm, use --release. For local experimentation, the default debug output is sufficient and links faster.

Running the generated module from Node:

# debug build
node --input-type=module -e 'import("./_build/js/debug/build/<pkg>.js").then(m => console.log(m.add(2,3)))'

# release build (after `moon build --release`)
node --input-type=module -e 'import("./_build/js/release/build/<pkg>.js").then(m => console.log(m.add(2,3)))'

A runnable end-to-end example lives under assets/js_binding_proj/ in this skill — see the directory for a minimal project with 8 passing tests (sync + async) that you can copy, adapt, and run with moon test.

Decision Table

Situation	Pattern	Key Action
Call a JS global (one-liner)	Inline #| with arrow function	extern "js" fn ... = #| (x) => ...
Reference existing global (no wrap)	Module+name form	= "Math" "max"
Named export from npm / Node built-in	#module("pkg") + = "exportName"	Compiler emits import { exportName } or require, bundler-friendly
Opaque JS object	#external pub type T	Wrap + cast with %identity
JS any container	Single JsValue type with get/set/call_method	Build object-protocol helpers once, reuse
T | undefined	Check is_undefined(v), return T?	Never assume Some(null) is meaningful
T | null (distinct from undefined)	Nullable[T] wrapper type	Explicit is_null branch
JS Promise	#external type Promise[T] + wait()	Bridge via %async.suspend
Export to JS consumers	link.js.exports in moon.pkg	List pub functions; .d.ts auto-generated
Gate a whole file to one backend	targets: { "f.mbt": ["js"] } in moon.pkg	Cleanest when the whole file is backend-specific
Gate a single function to one backend	#cfg(target="js") above the fn	Use when 90% of the file is shared; pair with #cfg(not(target="js")) for the other backends
Large integer (|x| > 2^53)	BigInt, not Int64	JS number loses bits above 2^53
Call an npm package	Wrap require("pkg") → JsValue.get("fn")	See references/interop-patterns.md
Catch a JS exception	Wrap call in try { ... } catch { ... } on JS side	See references/error-handling.md

Common Pitfalls

1. Forgetting to gate files with targets. A file containing extern "js" that isn't gated to ["js"] breaks moon check --target wasm-gc and native. Always gate FFI files.

2. Using T? to model T | null | undefined. MoonBit's None is not JS null, and Some(null) is a nonsense value. Split with is_undefined and is_null before lifting.

3. Relying on Int64 across FFI. JS number is IEEE-754 double. Any 64-bit integer > 2^53 silently rounds. Use BigInt or split into two Ints.

4. Exposing MoonBit internals by passing Map/Result/trait objects directly. These have a MoonBit-specific runtime layout. Convert to plain structs, Array[(K, V)], or JsValue at the boundary.

5. Missing moonbitlang/async for async test. The test-only import is easy to forget. Add import { "moonbitlang/async" } for "test" to moon.pkg before writing the first async test.

6. Forgetting %async.run when calling async from sync JS. Exported sync functions can't await. If you need to fire an async operation from a sync export, wrap it with run_async(async fn() noraise { ... }) and return a Promise explicitly.

7. Calling .wait() without being in an async context. .wait() is async — it only compiles inside an async fn or async test. Non-async callers need the Promise directly.

8. Using %identity where a real conversion is needed. %identity is a type-checker escape hatch with no runtime effect. Using it to cast Int ↔ String will produce a runtime error with no warning. Only use when the JS runtime representation genuinely matches.

9. Exporting a pub function that isn't in link.js.exports. It is callable from other MoonBit packages but not re-exported from the compiled JS module. Add the name to exports.

Example Project

A minimal, runnable project demonstrating every pattern above:

assets/js_binding_proj/
├── moon.mod                # preferred_target = "js", moonbitlang/async dep
└── src/
    ├── moon.pkg            # targets + link.js.exports
    ├── ffi.mbt             # extern "js" + JsValue + inline JS
    ├── lib.mbt             # Safe public wrappers (add, greet, js_get_opt)
    ├── lib_test.mbt        # Sync tests
    ├── async.mbt           # Promise[T] + suspend + wait
    ├── async_test.mbt      # async test blocks
    ├── modules.mbt         # #module("node:path") ESM/CJS import demo
    ├── modules_test.mbt
    ├── cross_target.mbt    # #cfg(target="...") per-declaration gating demo
    └── cross_target_test.mbt

Run:

cd assets/js_binding_proj
moon test              # 12 tests pass (sync + async + #cfg + #module)
moon build             # emits ESM + .d.ts
node --input-type=module -e 'import("./_build/js/debug/build/js_binding_proj.js").then(m => console.log(m.add(2,3), m.greet("world"), m.basename("/a/b/c.html")))'
# → 5 Hello, world! c.html

References

@references/promise-bridging.md @references/interop-patterns.md @references/error-handling.md @references/typescript-integration.md @references/cfg-and-target-gating.md