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aws-vpc

aws-vpc

github.com/bagelhole云与 DevOps1.2k330 次安装23 周前更新
代码仓库

关于 aws-vpc

aws-vpc 是面向 AWS 运维与架构人员的 VPC 网络设计和管理技能，涵盖子网隔离、路由与安全配置，并提供故障排查指导。

主要功能

  1. 01规划公有与私有子网
  2. 02配置 NAT、路由与网关
  3. 03设置安全组和网络 ACL
  4. 04创建 VPC 端点与对等连接
  5. 05排查网络连通性问题

适用场景

  1. 01为生产、预发布或开发环境搭建 VPC
  2. 02为私有子网配置互联网访问
  3. 03连接多个 VPC 或 AWS 服务
  4. 04定位资源间的网络故障

安装

复制下面的命令，在终端中运行。

$npx skills add https://github.com/bagelhole/devops-security-agent-skills --skill aws-vpc

安装后在 Claude Code 中输入/aws-vpc确认已加载。

详细介绍

AWS VPC

为生产环境中的 AWS 设计和管理虚拟私有云网络，确保子网隔离、路由和安全配置得当。

适用场景

  • 为生产、预发布或开发环境构建新的 VPC
  • 在多个 AZ 之间设置公有/私有子网架构
  • 配置 NAT Gateway，为私有子网提供互联网访问
  • 创建安全组和 NACL，实现网络分段
  • 设置 VPC 对等连接或 Transit Gateway，实现多个 VPC 互连
  • 实施 VPC 端点，以便私下访问 AWS 服务
  • 排查资源之间的连接问题

前提条件

  • 已安装并配置 AWS CLI v2
  • IAM 权限：ec2:*（或限定为与 VPC 相关的操作）
  • 已完成 CIDR 范围规划（避免与本地部署环境或其他 VPC 重叠）
  • 如需配置 VPC 对等连接：可以访问两个 VPC（相同或不同账户）

网络架构

VPC (10.0.0.0/16) - 65,536 IPs
├── Public Subnets (internet-facing via IGW)
│   ├── 10.0.1.0/24 (us-east-1a) - 256 IPs - ALBs, NAT GW, bastion
│   ├── 10.0.2.0/24 (us-east-1b) - 256 IPs
│   └── 10.0.3.0/24 (us-east-1c) - 256 IPs
├── Private Subnets (app tier, NAT GW for outbound)
│   ├── 10.0.11.0/24 (us-east-1a) - 256 IPs - ECS, EC2, Lambda
│   ├── 10.0.12.0/24 (us-east-1b) - 256 IPs
│   └── 10.0.13.0/24 (us-east-1c) - 256 IPs
├── Data Subnets (isolated, no internet)
│   ├── 10.0.21.0/24 (us-east-1a) - 256 IPs - RDS, ElastiCache
│   ├── 10.0.22.0/24 (us-east-1b) - 256 IPs
│   └── 10.0.23.0/24 (us-east-1c) - 256 IPs
├── Internet Gateway
├── NAT Gateways (one per AZ for HA)
├── Route Tables (public, private, data)
└── VPC Flow Logs → CloudWatch / S3

使用 CLI 创建 VPC

# Create the VPC
VPC_ID=$(aws ec2 create-vpc \
  --cidr-block 10.0.0.0/16 \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=vpc,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=production-vpc},{Key=Environment,Value=production}]' \
  --query 'Vpc.VpcId' --output text)

# Enable DNS support and hostnames
aws ec2 modify-vpc-attribute --vpc-id $VPC_ID --enable-dns-support '{"Value":true}'
aws ec2 modify-vpc-attribute --vpc-id $VPC_ID --enable-dns-hostnames '{"Value":true}'

# Create public subnets
PUB_SUB_A=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --cidr-block 10.0.1.0/24 \
  --availability-zone us-east-1a \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=subnet,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=public-a},{Key=Tier,Value=public}]' \
  --query 'Subnet.SubnetId' --output text)

PUB_SUB_B=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --cidr-block 10.0.2.0/24 \
  --availability-zone us-east-1b \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=subnet,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=public-b},{Key=Tier,Value=public}]' \
  --query 'Subnet.SubnetId' --output text)

# Enable auto-assign public IP on public subnets
aws ec2 modify-subnet-attribute --subnet-id $PUB_SUB_A --map-public-ip-on-launch
aws ec2 modify-subnet-attribute --subnet-id $PUB_SUB_B --map-public-ip-on-launch

# Create private subnets
PRIV_SUB_A=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --cidr-block 10.0.11.0/24 \
  --availability-zone us-east-1a \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=subnet,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=private-a},{Key=Tier,Value=private}]' \
  --query 'Subnet.SubnetId' --output text)

PRIV_SUB_B=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --cidr-block 10.0.12.0/24 \
  --availability-zone us-east-1b \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=subnet,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=private-b},{Key=Tier,Value=private}]' \
  --query 'Subnet.SubnetId' --output text)

# Create data subnets (isolated)
DATA_SUB_A=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --cidr-block 10.0.21.0/24 \
  --availability-zone us-east-1a \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=subnet,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=data-a},{Key=Tier,Value=data}]' \
  --query 'Subnet.SubnetId' --output text)

DATA_SUB_B=$(aws ec2 create-subnet \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --cidr-block 10.0.22.0/24 \
  --availability-zone us-east-1b \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=subnet,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=data-b},{Key=Tier,Value=data}]' \
  --query 'Subnet.SubnetId' --output text)

Internet Gateway 和 NAT Gateway

# Create and attach Internet Gateway
IGW_ID=$(aws ec2 create-internet-gateway \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=internet-gateway,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=production-igw}]' \
  --query 'InternetGateway.InternetGatewayId' --output text)
aws ec2 attach-internet-gateway --vpc-id $VPC_ID --internet-gateway-id $IGW_ID

# Create public route table
PUB_RT=$(aws ec2 create-route-table \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=route-table,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=public-rt}]' \
  --query 'RouteTable.RouteTableId' --output text)
aws ec2 create-route --route-table-id $PUB_RT --destination-cidr-block 0.0.0.0/0 --gateway-id $IGW_ID
aws ec2 associate-route-table --route-table-id $PUB_RT --subnet-id $PUB_SUB_A
aws ec2 associate-route-table --route-table-id $PUB_RT --subnet-id $PUB_SUB_B

# Allocate Elastic IPs for NAT Gateways (one per AZ for HA)
EIP_A=$(aws ec2 allocate-address --domain vpc --query 'AllocationId' --output text)
EIP_B=$(aws ec2 allocate-address --domain vpc --query 'AllocationId' --output text)

# Create NAT Gateways in public subnets
NAT_A=$(aws ec2 create-nat-gateway \
  --subnet-id $PUB_SUB_A \
  --allocation-id $EIP_A \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=natgateway,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=nat-a}]' \
  --query 'NatGateway.NatGatewayId' --output text)

NAT_B=$(aws ec2 create-nat-gateway \
  --subnet-id $PUB_SUB_B \
  --allocation-id $EIP_B \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=natgateway,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=nat-b}]' \
  --query 'NatGateway.NatGatewayId' --output text)

# Wait for NAT Gateways
aws ec2 wait nat-gateway-available --nat-gateway-ids $NAT_A $NAT_B

# Create private route tables (one per AZ for HA NAT)
PRIV_RT_A=$(aws ec2 create-route-table \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=route-table,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=private-rt-a}]' \
  --query 'RouteTable.RouteTableId' --output text)
aws ec2 create-route --route-table-id $PRIV_RT_A --destination-cidr-block 0.0.0.0/0 --nat-gateway-id $NAT_A
aws ec2 associate-route-table --route-table-id $PRIV_RT_A --subnet-id $PRIV_SUB_A

PRIV_RT_B=$(aws ec2 create-route-table \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=route-table,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=private-rt-b}]' \
  --query 'RouteTable.RouteTableId' --output text)
aws ec2 create-route --route-table-id $PRIV_RT_B --destination-cidr-block 0.0.0.0/0 --nat-gateway-id $NAT_B
aws ec2 associate-route-table --route-table-id $PRIV_RT_B --subnet-id $PRIV_SUB_B

安全组

# ALB security group (public-facing)
ALB_SG=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
  --group-name alb-sg \
  --description "Application Load Balancer" \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --query 'GroupId' --output text)
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress --group-id $ALB_SG --protocol tcp --port 443 --cidr 0.0.0.0/0
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress --group-id $ALB_SG --protocol tcp --port 80 --cidr 0.0.0.0/0

# Application security group (only from ALB)
APP_SG=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
  --group-name app-sg \
  --description "Application tier" \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --query 'GroupId' --output text)
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id $APP_SG \
  --protocol tcp \
  --port 8080 \
  --source-group $ALB_SG

# Database security group (only from app tier)
DB_SG=$(aws ec2 create-security-group \
  --group-name db-sg \
  --description "Database tier" \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --query 'GroupId' --output text)
aws ec2 authorize-security-group-ingress \
  --group-id $DB_SG \
  --protocol tcp \
  --port 5432 \
  --source-group $APP_SG

# List all security groups in the VPC
aws ec2 describe-security-groups \
  --filters "Name=vpc-id,Values=$VPC_ID" \
  --query "SecurityGroups[].{Name:GroupName,ID:GroupId,Description:Description}" \
  --output table

VPC 端点（私下访问 AWS 服务）

# Gateway endpoint for S3 (free, route-table based)
aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.s3 \
  --route-table-ids $PRIV_RT_A $PRIV_RT_B \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=vpc-endpoint,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=s3-endpoint}]'

# Gateway endpoint for DynamoDB (free)
aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.dynamodb \
  --route-table-ids $PRIV_RT_A $PRIV_RT_B

# Interface endpoint for Secrets Manager (ENI-based, has hourly cost)
aws ec2 create-vpc-endpoint \
  --vpc-id $VPC_ID \
  --vpc-endpoint-type Interface \
  --service-name com.amazonaws.us-east-1.secretsmanager \
  --subnet-ids $PRIV_SUB_A $PRIV_SUB_B \
  --security-group-ids $APP_SG \
  --private-dns-enabled \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=vpc-endpoint,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=secretsmanager-endpoint}]'

VPC 流日志

# Enable VPC flow logs to CloudWatch
aws ec2 create-flow-log \
  --resource-type VPC \
  --resource-ids $VPC_ID \
  --traffic-type ALL \
  --log-destination-type cloud-watch-logs \
  --log-group-name /vpc/production-flow-logs \
  --deliver-logs-permission-arn arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/VPCFlowLogRole \
  --max-aggregation-interval 60 \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=vpc-flow-log,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=production-flow-log}]'

# Enable VPC flow logs to S3 (cheaper for long-term storage)
aws ec2 create-flow-log \
  --resource-type VPC \
  --resource-ids $VPC_ID \
  --traffic-type ALL \
  --log-destination-type s3 \
  --log-destination arn:aws:s3:::my-flow-logs-bucket/vpc-logs/ \
  --max-aggregation-interval 60

VPC 对等连接

# Request peering connection
PEERING_ID=$(aws ec2 create-vpc-peering-connection \
  --vpc-id vpc-requester \
  --peer-vpc-id vpc-accepter \
  --peer-owner-id 987654321098 \
  --peer-region us-west-2 \
  --tag-specifications 'ResourceType=vpc-peering-connection,Tags=[{Key=Name,Value=prod-to-shared}]' \
  --query 'VpcPeeringConnection.VpcPeeringConnectionId' --output text)

# Accept peering (from the accepter account/region)
aws ec2 accept-vpc-peering-connection --vpc-peering-connection-id $PEERING_ID

# Add routes in both VPCs
aws ec2 create-route --route-table-id rtb-requester --destination-cidr-block 10.1.0.0/16 --vpc-peering-connection-id $PEERING_ID
aws ec2 create-route --route-table-id rtb-accepter --destination-cidr-block 10.0.0.0/16 --vpc-peering-connection-id $PEERING_ID

Terraform VPC 模块

resource "aws_vpc" "main" {
  cidr_block           = "10.0.0.0/16"
  enable_dns_support   = true
  enable_dns_hostnames = true

  tags = {
    Name        = "production-vpc"
    Environment = "production"
  }
}

resource "aws_subnet" "public" {
  count                   = 3
  vpc_id                  = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block              = cidrsubnet(aws_vpc.main.cidr_block, 8, count.index + 1)
  availability_zone       = data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index]
  map_public_ip_on_launch = true

  tags = {
    Name = "public-${data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index]}"
    Tier = "public"
  }
}

resource "aws_subnet" "private" {
  count             = 3
  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block        = cidrsubnet(aws_vpc.main.cidr_block, 8, count.index + 11)
  availability_zone = data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index]

  tags = {
    Name = "private-${data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index]}"
    Tier = "private"
  }
}

resource "aws_subnet" "data" {
  count             = 3
  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block        = cidrsubnet(aws_vpc.main.cidr_block, 8, count.index + 21)
  availability_zone = data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index]

  tags = {
    Name = "data-${data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index]}"
    Tier = "data"
  }
}

resource "aws_internet_gateway" "main" {
  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
  tags   = { Name = "production-igw" }
}

resource "aws_eip" "nat" {
  count  = 2
  domain = "vpc"
  tags   = { Name = "nat-eip-${count.index}" }
}

resource "aws_nat_gateway" "main" {
  count         = 2
  allocation_id = aws_eip.nat[count.index].id
  subnet_id     = aws_subnet.public[count.index].id
  tags          = { Name = "nat-${count.index}" }
}

resource "aws_route_table" "public" {
  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
  route {
    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
    gateway_id = aws_internet_gateway.main.id
  }
  tags = { Name = "public-rt" }
}

resource "aws_route_table_association" "public" {
  count          = 3
  subnet_id      = aws_subnet.public[count.index].id
  route_table_id = aws_route_table.public.id
}

resource "aws_route_table" "private" {
  count  = 2
  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
  route {
    cidr_block     = "0.0.0.0/0"
    nat_gateway_id = aws_nat_gateway.main[count.index].id
  }
  tags = { Name = "private-rt-${count.index}" }
}

resource "aws_route_table_association" "private" {
  count          = 2
  subnet_id      = aws_subnet.private[count.index].id
  route_table_id = aws_route_table.private[count.index].id
}

resource "aws_vpc_endpoint" "s3" {
  vpc_id       = aws_vpc.main.id
  service_name = "com.amazonaws.${data.aws_region.current.name}.s3"
  route_table_ids = aws_route_table.private[*].id
  tags = { Name = "s3-endpoint" }
}

resource "aws_flow_log" "main" {
  vpc_id                 = aws_vpc.main.id
  traffic_type           = "ALL"
  log_destination_type   = "s3"
  log_destination        = "${aws_s3_bucket.flow_logs.arn}/vpc-logs/"
  max_aggregation_interval = 60
}

故障排查

问题原因修复方法
无法从私有子网访问互联网缺少 NAT Gateway 路由在私有路由表中添加指向 NAT GW 的 0.0.0.0/0 路由
无法从公有子网访问互联网未附加 IGW 或缺少路由附加 IGW；在公有 RT 中添加指向 IGW 的 0.0.0.0/0 路由
EC2 无法访问 S3没有 VPC 端点或 NAT添加 S3 网关端点（免费），或确保存在 NAT GW 路由
安全组规则未生效方向错误（入站与出站）SG 是有状态的；检查目标上的入站规则
NACL 阻止流量NACL 是无状态的；需要配置两个方向添加匹配的入站和出站规则，并配置正确的端口
VPC 对等连接仅单向可用一个 VPC 中缺少路由在两个 VPC 的路由表中都添加路由
DNS 解析失败VPC 未启用 DNS 主机名在 VPC 上启用 enableDnsHostnames
NAT Gateway 费用过高所有 AZ 都通过一个 NAT 路由每个 AZ 部署一个 NAT GW，并使用独立路由表
跨 AZ 数据传输费用不同 AZ 中的资源相互通信将紧密耦合的服务部署在同一个 AZ 中

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