azure-security-keyvault-secrets-java

Azure Key Vault Secrets（Java）

安全地存储和管理密码、API 密钥和连接字符串等机密。

执行变更前，请确认保管库、租户、RBAC 以及要操作的机密和版本。示例使用合成值：请从经批准的机密输入源获取真实值，切勿从源代码或聊天记录中获取。备份包含敏感的加密材料，并且受服务恢复限制；请妥善保护文件并管理保留期限。过期元数据不等于在签发凭据的服务中轮换凭据。如果必需的机密不可用，必须以故障关闭方式处理；不得在配置不完整的情况下静默启动。异步代码片段需要错误处理机制，并且应用程序生命周期必须等待操作完成。

安装

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.azure</groupId>
    <artifactId>azure-security-keyvault-secrets</artifactId>
    <version>4.9.0</version>
</dependency>

创建客户端

import com.azure.security.keyvault.secrets.SecretClient;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.secrets.SecretClientBuilder;
import com.azure.identity.DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder;

// Sync client
SecretClient secretClient = new SecretClientBuilder()
    .vaultUrl("https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net")
    .credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
    .buildClient();

// Async client
SecretAsyncClient secretAsyncClient = new SecretClientBuilder()
    .vaultUrl("https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net")
    .credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
    .buildAsyncClient();

创建/设置机密

import com.azure.security.keyvault.secrets.models.KeyVaultSecret;

// Simple secret
KeyVaultSecret secret = secretClient.setSecret("database-password", "P@ssw0rd123!");
System.out.println("Secret name: " + secret.getName());
System.out.println("Secret ID: " + secret.getId());

// Secret with options
KeyVaultSecret secretWithOptions = secretClient.setSecret(
    new KeyVaultSecret("api-key", "sk_live_abc123xyz")
        .setProperties(new SecretProperties()
            .setContentType("application/json")
            .setExpiresOn(OffsetDateTime.now().plusYears(1))
            .setNotBefore(OffsetDateTime.now())
            .setEnabled(true)
            .setTags(Map.of(
                "environment", "production",
                "service", "payment-api"
            ))
        )
);

获取机密

// Get latest version
KeyVaultSecret secret = secretClient.getSecret("database-password");
String value = secret.getValue();
// Consume value in memory; never print secret material.

// Get specific version
KeyVaultSecret specificVersion = secretClient.getSecret("database-password", "<version-id>");

// Get only properties (no value)
SecretProperties props = secretClient.getSecret("database-password").getProperties();
System.out.println("Enabled: " + props.isEnabled());
System.out.println("Created: " + props.getCreatedOn());

更新机密属性

// Get secret
KeyVaultSecret secret = secretClient.getSecret("api-key");

// Update properties (cannot update value - create new version instead)
secret.getProperties()
    .setEnabled(false)
    .setExpiresOn(OffsetDateTime.now().plusMonths(6))
    .setTags(Map.of("status", "rotating"));

SecretProperties updated = secretClient.updateSecretProperties(secret.getProperties());
System.out.println("Updated: " + updated.getUpdatedOn());

列出机密

import com.azure.core.util.paging.PagedIterable;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.secrets.models.SecretProperties;

// List all secrets (properties only, no values)
for (SecretProperties secretProps : secretClient.listPropertiesOfSecrets()) {
    System.out.println("Secret: " + secretProps.getName());
    System.out.println("  Enabled: " + secretProps.isEnabled());
    System.out.println("  Created: " + secretProps.getCreatedOn());
    System.out.println("  Content-Type: " + secretProps.getContentType());
    
    // Get value if needed
    if (secretProps.isEnabled()) {
        KeyVaultSecret fullSecret = secretClient.getSecret(secretProps.getName());
        // Do not print even a prefix of the secret.
    }
}

// List versions of a secret
for (SecretProperties version : secretClient.listPropertiesOfSecretVersions("database-password")) {
    System.out.println("Version: " + version.getVersion());
    System.out.println("Created: " + version.getCreatedOn());
    System.out.println("Enabled: " + version.isEnabled());
}

删除机密

import com.azure.core.util.polling.SyncPoller;
import com.azure.security.keyvault.secrets.models.DeletedSecret;

// Begin delete (returns poller for soft-delete enabled vaults)
SyncPoller<DeletedSecret, Void> deletePoller = secretClient.beginDeleteSecret("old-secret");

// Wait for deletion
DeletedSecret deletedSecret = deletePoller.poll().getValue();
System.out.println("Deleted on: " + deletedSecret.getDeletedOn());
System.out.println("Scheduled purge: " + deletedSecret.getScheduledPurgeDate());

deletePoller.waitForCompletion();

恢复已删除的机密

// List deleted secrets
for (DeletedSecret deleted : secretClient.listDeletedSecrets()) {
    System.out.println("Deleted: " + deleted.getName());
    System.out.println("Deletion date: " + deleted.getDeletedOn());
}

// Recover deleted secret
SyncPoller<KeyVaultSecret, Void> recoverPoller = secretClient.beginRecoverDeletedSecret("old-secret");
recoverPoller.waitForCompletion();

KeyVaultSecret recovered = secretClient.getSecret("old-secret");
System.out.println("Recovered: " + recovered.getName());

清除已删除的机密

// This is a separate irreversible operation, not the next step after recovery.
// Get deleted secret info first
DeletedSecret deleted = secretClient.getDeletedSecret("old-secret");
System.out.println("Will purge: " + deleted.getName());
secretClient.purgeDeletedSecret("old-secret");

备份和还原

// Backup secret (all versions)
byte[] backup = secretClient.backupSecret("important-secret");

// Save to file
Files.write(Paths.get("secret-backup.blob"), backup);

// Restore from backup
byte[] backupData = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("secret-backup.blob"));
KeyVaultSecret restored = secretClient.restoreSecretBackup(backupData);
System.out.println("Restored: " + restored.getName());

异步操作

SecretAsyncClient asyncClient = new SecretClientBuilder()
    .vaultUrl("https://<vault>.vault.azure.net")
    .credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
    .buildAsyncClient();

// Set secret async
asyncClient.setSecret("async-secret", "async-value")
    .subscribe(
        secret -> System.out.println("Created: " + secret.getName()),
        error -> System.out.println("Error: " + error.getMessage())
    );

// Get secret async
asyncClient.getSecret("async-secret")
    .subscribe(secret -> { /* consume secret.getValue() without logging it */ });

// List secrets async
asyncClient.listPropertiesOfSecrets()
    .doOnNext(props -> System.out.println("Found: " + props.getName()))
    .subscribe();

配置模式

加载多个机密

public class ConfigLoader {
    private final SecretClient client;
    
    public ConfigLoader(String vaultUrl) {
        this.client = new SecretClientBuilder()
            .vaultUrl(vaultUrl)
            .credential(new DefaultAzureCredentialBuilder().build())
            .buildClient();
    }
    
    public Map<String, String> loadSecrets(List<String> secretNames) {
        Map<String, String> secrets = new HashMap<>();
        for (String name : secretNames) {
            try {
                KeyVaultSecret secret = client.getSecret(name);
                secrets.put(name, secret.getValue());
            } catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
                System.out.println("Secret not found: " + name);
            }
        }
        return secrets;
    }
}

// Usage
ConfigLoader loader = new ConfigLoader("https://my-vault.vault.azure.net");
Map<String, String> config = loader.loadSecrets(
    Arrays.asList("db-connection-string", "api-key", "jwt-secret")
);

机密轮换模式

public void rotateSecret(String secretName, String newValue) {
    // Get current secret
    KeyVaultSecret current = secretClient.getSecret(secretName);
    
    // Create and verify the new credential at its issuing service first.
    // Create a new version; migrate and verify consumers before retiring the old one.
    KeyVaultSecret newSecret = secretClient.setSecret(secretName, newValue);
    System.out.println("Rotated to version: " + newSecret.getProperties().getVersion());
}

错误处理

import com.azure.core.exception.HttpResponseException;
import com.azure.core.exception.ResourceNotFoundException;

try {
    KeyVaultSecret secret = secretClient.getSecret("my-secret");
    // Consume secret.getValue() without logging it.
} catch (ResourceNotFoundException e) {
    System.out.println("Secret not found");
} catch (HttpResponseException e) {
    int status = e.getResponse().getStatusCode();
    if (status == 403) {
        System.out.println("Access denied - check permissions");
    } else if (status == 429) {
        System.out.println("Rate limited - retry later");
    } else {
        System.out.println("HTTP error: " + status);
    }
}

机密属性

属性	描述
name	机密名称
value	机密值（字符串）
id	完整标识符 URL
contentType	MIME 类型提示
enabled	是否可以获取此机密
notBefore	生效时间
expiresOn	过期时间
createdOn	创建时间戳
updatedOn	上次更新时间戳
recoveryLevel	软删除恢复级别
tags	用户定义的元数据

环境变量

AZURE_KEYVAULT_URL=https://<vault-name>.vault.azure.net

最佳实践

1. 启用软删除 - 防止意外删除
2. 使用标记 - 为机密添加环境、服务和所有者标记
3. 设置过期时间 - 对需要轮换的凭据使用 setExpiresOn()
4. 内容类型 - 设置 contentType 以指示格式（例如，application/json）
5. 版本管理 - 轮换时不要立即删除旧版本
6. 访问日志记录 - 在 Key Vault 上启用诊断日志记录
7. 最小权限 - 为不同环境使用独立的保管库

常见机密类型

// Database connection string
secretClient.setSecret(new KeyVaultSecret("db-connection", 
    "Server=myserver.database.windows.net;Database=mydb;...")
    .setProperties(new SecretProperties()
        .setContentType("text/plain")
        .setTags(Map.of("type", "connection-string"))));

// API key
secretClient.setSecret(new KeyVaultSecret("stripe-api-key", "sk_live_...")
    .setProperties(new SecretProperties()
        .setContentType("text/plain")
        .setExpiresOn(OffsetDateTime.now().plusYears(1))));

// JSON configuration
secretClient.setSecret(new KeyVaultSecret("app-config", 
    "{\"endpoint\":\"https://...\",\"key\":\"...\"}")
    .setProperties(new SecretProperties()
        .setContentType("application/json")));

// Certificate password
secretClient.setSecret(new KeyVaultSecret("cert-password", "CertP@ss!")
    .setProperties(new SecretProperties()
        .setContentType("text/plain")
        .setTags(Map.of("certificate", "my-cert"))));

触发短语

• “Key Vault secrets Java”、“secret management Java”
• “store password”、“store API key”、“connection string”
• “retrieve secret”、“rotate secret”
• “Azure secrets”、“vault secrets”

适用场景

当需要执行概述中描述的工作流或操作时，可使用此技能。

限制

• 仅当任务明确符合上述范围时，才使用此技能。
• 不要将输出视为环境特定验证、测试或专家审查的替代品。
• 如果缺少必需的输入、权限、安全边界或成功标准，请暂停并请求澄清。