ci-cd-pipelines

CI/CD 流水线

GitHub Actions 工作流

name: CI
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

jobs:
  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 22
          cache: npm
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm run lint
      - run: npm run typecheck

  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: lint
    services:
      postgres:
        image: postgres:16
        env:
          POSTGRES_DB: test
          POSTGRES_USER: test
          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: test
        ports: ["5432:5432"]
        options: >-
          --health-cmd pg_isready
          --health-interval 10s
          --health-timeout 5s
          --health-retries 5
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 22
          cache: npm
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npm test -- --coverage
        env:
          DATABASE_URL: postgres://test:test@localhost:5432/test
      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4

  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: test
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    environment: production
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: ./scripts/deploy.sh

使用 concurrency 取消过时的运行。使用 needs 定义作业依赖关系。

GitLab CI 流水线

stages:
  - validate
  - test
  - build
  - deploy

variables:
  NODE_IMAGE: node:22-alpine

lint:
  stage: validate
  image: $NODE_IMAGE
  cache:
    key: $CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    paths: [node_modules/]
  script:
    - npm ci
    - npm run lint
    - npm run typecheck

test:
  stage: test
  image: $NODE_IMAGE
  services:
    - postgres:16
  variables:
    POSTGRES_DB: test
    DATABASE_URL: postgres://runner:@postgres:5432/test
  script:
    - npm ci
    - npm test -- --coverage
  coverage: '/Statements\s*:\s*(\d+\.?\d*)%/'
  artifacts:
    reports:
      junit: coverage/junit.xml
      coverage_report:
        coverage_format: cobertura
        path: coverage/cobertura.xml

build:
  stage: build
  image: docker:24
  services: [docker:24-dind]
  script:
    - docker build -t $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA .
    - docker push $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  environment:
    name: production
    url: https://app.example.com
  script:
    - ./deploy.sh $CI_COMMIT_SHA
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
      when: manual

可复用的 GitHub Action

# .github/actions/setup/action.yml
name: Setup
description: Install dependencies and cache
inputs:
  node-version:
    default: "22"
runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: ${{ inputs.node-version }}
        cache: npm
    - run: npm ci
      shell: bash

# Usage in workflow
steps:
  - uses: actions/checkout@v4
  - uses: ./.github/actions/setup
  - run: npm test

矩阵策略

test:
  strategy:
    fail-fast: false
    matrix:
      node: [20, 22]
      os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
  runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
  steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
    - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node }}
    - run: npm ci && npm test

反模式

• 未在多次运行之间缓存依赖项（npm、pip、cargo）
• lint 和测试可以并行执行，却将所有作业按顺序运行
• 将机密存储在工作流文件中，而不是仓库或环境机密中
• 缺少 concurrency 组，导致快速推送时产生冗余的 CI 运行
• 矩阵构建未使用 fail-fast: false（一次失败会取消其他任务）
• 未设置审批关卡或环境保护规则就进行部署

检查清单

• 在多次 CI 运行之间缓存依赖项
• 并发组会取消过时的流水线运行
• lint、类型检查和测试作为独立且可并行的作业运行
• 数据库服务在测试开始前执行健康检查
• 上传并跟踪覆盖率报告
• 生产环境部署作业需要审批
• 使用可复用的 action/模板提取通用设置步骤
• 将机密存储在 CI 平台中，绝不存入代码