mcpField
C
cryptography

cryptography

github.com/melodic-software安全2888 次安装今天更新
代码仓库

关于 cryptography

cryptography 是面向软件开发者的密码学实现指南,涵盖加密、密码哈希、TLS、密钥管理和后量子考量。它提供算法选择建议、示例和安全检查清单。

主要功能

  1. 01对称与非对称加密建议
  2. 02密码哈希算法及工作因子指南
  3. 03TLS 版本与配置建议
  4. 04密钥管理和轮换指导
  5. 05安全随机数与后量子算法考量
  6. 06密码实现安全检查清单

适用场景

  1. 01为静态数据选择加密算法
  2. 02实现密码存储与验证
  3. 03配置 TLS 并审查密钥管理
  4. 04评估系统的后量子准备情况

安装

复制下面的命令,在终端中运行。

$npx skills add https://github.com/melodic-software/claude-code-plugins --skill cryptography

安装后在 Claude Code 中输入/cryptography确认已加载。

包含的文件

除 SKILL.md 外,安装时一起下载的参考资料和脚本。

references/
algorithm-selection.md
password-hashing.md
tls-configuration.md

详细介绍

密码学

关于安全实施密码学操作的全面指南,涵盖加密算法、密码哈希、TLS 和密钥管理。

何时使用此技能

在以下情况下使用此技能:

  • 选择加密算法
  • 实施密码哈希
  • 配置 TLS/SSL
  • 管理密钥
  • 实施数字签名
  • 生成随机值
  • 审查密码学实现
  • 考虑后量子就绪情况

算法快速参考

加密算法
算法类型密钥长度用例状态
AES-256-GCM对称256 位数据加密✅ 推荐
ChaCha20-Poly1305对称256 位数据加密(移动设备)✅ 推荐
RSA-OAEP非对称2048+ 位密钥交换✅ 推荐
ECDH (P-256)非对称256 位密钥协商✅ 推荐
X25519非对称256 位密钥协商✅ 推荐
DES对称56 位无❌ 已弃用
3DES对称168 位仅限旧系统⚠️ 避免使用
Blowfish对称32-448 位无⚠️ 避免使用
签名算法
算法类型密钥长度用例状态
Ed25519EdDSA256 位签名✅ 推荐
ECDSA (P-256)ECC256 位签名、JWT✅ 推荐
RSA-PSSRSA2048+ 位签名✅ 推荐
RSA PKCS#1 v1.5RSA2048+ 位旧版签名⚠️ 改用 PSS
哈希函数
算法输出长度用例状态
SHA-256256 位通用哈希✅ 推荐
SHA-384384 位更高安全性✅ 推荐
SHA-512512 位最高安全性✅ 推荐
SHA-3-256256 位SHA-2 的替代方案✅ 推荐
BLAKE2b256-512 位快速哈希✅ 推荐
MD5128 位无(已破解)❌ 切勿使用
SHA-1160 位无(已破解)❌ 切勿使用

密码哈希

切勿将通用哈希函数(SHA-256、MD5)用于密码。

算法对比
算法推荐程度内存硬化备注
Argon2id✅ 最佳是PHC 获胜算法,推荐用于新系统
bcrypt✅ 良好否广泛支持,经过验证
scrypt✅ 良好是效果良好,但参数调优复杂
PBKDF2⚠️ 可接受否获得 NIST 批准,但易受 GPU 攻击
Argon2id(推荐)
using Konscious.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

/// <summary>
/// Argon2id password hasher with OWASP 2023 recommended parameters.
/// </summary>
public static class Argon2PasswordHasher
{
    private const int DegreeOfParallelism = 4;
    private const int MemorySize = 65536;  // 64 MB
    private const int Iterations = 3;
    private const int HashLength = 32;
    private const int SaltLength = 16;

    /// <summary>
    /// Hash password with Argon2id.
    /// </summary>
    public static string Hash(string password)
    {
        var salt = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(SaltLength);
        var hash = ComputeHash(password, salt);

        // Return in PHC format: $argon2id$v=19$m=65536,t=3,p=4$salt$hash
        return $"$argon2id$v=19$m={MemorySize},t={Iterations},p={DegreeOfParallelism}${Convert.ToBase64String(salt)}${Convert.ToBase64String(hash)}";
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Verify password against stored hash.
    /// </summary>
    public static bool Verify(string storedHash, string password)
    {
        var parts = ParseHash(storedHash);
        if (parts is null) return false;

        var computedHash = ComputeHash(password, parts.Value.Salt);
        return CryptographicOperations.FixedTimeEquals(computedHash, parts.Value.Hash);
    }

    private static byte[] ComputeHash(string password, byte[] salt)
    {
        using var argon2 = new Argon2id(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(password))
        {
            Salt = salt,
            DegreeOfParallelism = DegreeOfParallelism,
            MemorySize = MemorySize,
            Iterations = Iterations
        };
        return argon2.GetBytes(HashLength);
    }

    private static (byte[] Salt, byte[] Hash)? ParseHash(string storedHash)
    {
        // Parse PHC format: $argon2id$v=19$m=...,t=...,p=...$salt$hash
        var parts = storedHash.Split('$');
        if (parts.Length < 6) return null;

        var salt = Convert.FromBase64String(parts[4]);
        var hash = Convert.FromBase64String(parts[5]);
        return (salt, hash);
    }
}

// Usage
var hash = Argon2PasswordHasher.Hash("user_password");
// Returns: $argon2id$v=19$m=65536,t=3,p=4$...

if (Argon2PasswordHasher.Verify(hash, "user_password"))
{
    // Password valid
}
bcrypt
using BCrypt.Net;

// Hash password (work factor 12 = 2^12 iterations)
var passwordHash = BCrypt.Net.BCrypt.HashPassword("user_password", workFactor: 12);

// Verify password
if (BCrypt.Net.BCrypt.Verify("user_password", passwordHash))
{
    Console.WriteLine("Password valid");
}
工作因子指南
算法最低推荐高安全性
Argon2idt=2, m=19MBt=3, m=64MBt=4, m=128MB
bcrypt101214
scryptN=2^14N=2^16N=2^18
PBKDF2310,000600,0001,000,000

**密码哈希详细指南:**参见密码哈希参考

对称加密

AES-256-GCM(推荐)
using System.Security.Cryptography;

/// <summary>
/// AES-256-GCM encryption utilities.
/// </summary>
public static class AesGcmEncryption
{
    private const int NonceSize = 12;  // 96 bits
    private const int TagSize = 16;    // 128 bits
    private const int KeySize = 32;    // 256 bits

    /// <summary>
    /// Encrypt data with AES-256-GCM. Returns nonce + ciphertext + tag.
    /// </summary>
    public static byte[] Encrypt(ReadOnlySpan<byte> plaintext, ReadOnlySpan<byte> key)
    {
        var nonce = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(NonceSize);
        var ciphertext = new byte[plaintext.Length];
        var tag = new byte[TagSize];

        using var aes = new AesGcm(key, TagSize);
        aes.Encrypt(nonce, plaintext, ciphertext, tag);

        // Combine: nonce + ciphertext + tag
        var result = new byte[NonceSize + ciphertext.Length + TagSize];
        nonce.CopyTo(result.AsSpan(0, NonceSize));
        ciphertext.CopyTo(result.AsSpan(NonceSize));
        tag.CopyTo(result.AsSpan(NonceSize + ciphertext.Length));

        return result;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Decrypt data with AES-256-GCM. Input is nonce + ciphertext + tag.
    /// </summary>
    public static byte[] Decrypt(ReadOnlySpan<byte> combined, ReadOnlySpan<byte> key)
    {
        var nonce = combined[..NonceSize];
        var ciphertext = combined[NonceSize..^TagSize];
        var tag = combined[^TagSize..];

        var plaintext = new byte[ciphertext.Length];

        using var aes = new AesGcm(key, TagSize);
        aes.Decrypt(nonce, ciphertext, tag, plaintext);

        return plaintext;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Generate a secure 256-bit key.
    /// </summary>
    public static byte[] GenerateKey() => RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(KeySize);
}

// Usage
var key = AesGcmEncryption.GenerateKey();
var encrypted = AesGcmEncryption.Encrypt("sensitive data"u8, key);
var decrypted = AesGcmEncryption.Decrypt(encrypted, key);
从密码派生密钥
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

/// <summary>
/// Derive encryption key from password using PBKDF2.
/// </summary>
public static class KeyDerivation
{
    private const int SaltSize = 16;
    private const int KeySize = 32;  // 256 bits for AES-256
    private const int Iterations = 600000;  // OWASP 2023 recommendation

    /// <summary>
    /// Derive encryption key from password. Returns (key, salt).
    /// </summary>
    public static (byte[] Key, byte[] Salt) DeriveKey(string password, byte[]? salt = null)
    {
        salt ??= RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(SaltSize);

        var key = Rfc2898DeriveBytes.Pbkdf2(
            password: Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(password),
            salt: salt,
            iterations: Iterations,
            hashAlgorithm: HashAlgorithmName.SHA256,
            outputLength: KeySize
        );

        return (key, salt);  // Store salt with encrypted data
    }
}

非对称加密

RSA 密钥生成
using System.Security.Cryptography;

/// <summary>
/// RSA encryption with OAEP padding.
/// </summary>
public static class RsaEncryption
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Generate RSA key pair. Use 2048 minimum; 4096 for long-term security.
    /// </summary>
    public static RSA GenerateKeyPair(int keySizeInBits = 2048)
    {
        return RSA.Create(keySizeInBits);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Encrypt with public key using OAEP-SHA256.
    /// </summary>
    public static byte[] Encrypt(byte[] plaintext, RSA publicKey)
    {
        return publicKey.Encrypt(plaintext, RSAEncryptionPadding.OaepSHA256);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Decrypt with private key using OAEP-SHA256.
    /// </summary>
    public static byte[] Decrypt(byte[] ciphertext, RSA privateKey)
    {
        return privateKey.Decrypt(ciphertext, RSAEncryptionPadding.OaepSHA256);
    }
}

// Usage
using var rsa = RsaEncryption.GenerateKeyPair(4096);
var publicKey = rsa.ExportRSAPublicKey();

var ciphertext = RsaEncryption.Encrypt(plaintext, rsa);
var decrypted = RsaEncryption.Decrypt(ciphertext, rsa);
数字签名
using System.Security.Cryptography;

/// <summary>
/// Ed25519 digital signatures (via ECDsa with curve).
/// Note: .NET 10 has native Ed25519 support.
/// </summary>
public static class DigitalSignatures
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Create ECDSA key pair (P-256, widely supported).
    /// </summary>
    public static ECDsa CreateEcdsaKeyPair()
    {
        return ECDsa.Create(ECCurve.NamedCurves.nistP256);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sign message with ECDSA-SHA256.
    /// </summary>
    public static byte[] Sign(byte[] message, ECDsa privateKey)
    {
        return privateKey.SignData(message, HashAlgorithmName.SHA256);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Verify signature.
    /// </summary>
    public static bool Verify(byte[] message, byte[] signature, ECDsa publicKey)
    {
        return publicKey.VerifyData(message, signature, HashAlgorithmName.SHA256);
    }
}

// Usage
using var ecdsa = DigitalSignatures.CreateEcdsaKeyPair();

var signature = DigitalSignatures.Sign(message, ecdsa);

if (DigitalSignatures.Verify(message, signature, ecdsa))
{
    Console.WriteLine("Signature valid");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("Signature invalid");
}

**算法选择详细指南:**参见算法选择指南

TLS 配置

推荐的 TLS 设置
# Nginx TLS configuration
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

# HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;

# OCSP Stapling
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;
TLS 版本要求
版本状态备注
TLS 1.3✅ 必需安全性最佳,性能有所提升
TLS 1.2✅ 可接受配置适当的密码套件后仍然安全
TLS 1.1❌ 已弃用自 2020 年起禁用
TLS 1.0❌ 已弃用存在严重漏洞
SSL 3.0❌ 已破解POODLE 攻击
SSL 2.0❌ 已破解存在许多漏洞

**TLS 配置详细指南:**参见TLS 配置指南

密钥管理

密钥层级
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Master Key (KEK)                   │  <- Stored in HSM or KMS
│  - Encrypts all other keys          │
└──────────────────┬──────────────────┘
                   │
       ┌───────────┴───────────┐
       ▼                       ▼
┌──────────────┐      ┌──────────────┐
│  Data Key 1  │      │  Data Key 2  │  <- Encrypted with KEK
│  (DEK)       │      │  (DEK)       │
└──────────────┘      └──────────────┘
密钥轮换策略
/// <summary>
/// Key manager with automatic rotation support.
/// </summary>
public sealed class KeyManager(IKmsClient kmsClient) : IDisposable
{
    private static readonly TimeSpan RotationPeriod = TimeSpan.FromDays(90);

    private string? _currentKeyId;
    private DateTime? _keyExpiry;
    private readonly SemaphoreSlim _lock = new(1, 1);

    /// <summary>
    /// Get current encryption key, rotating if needed.
    /// </summary>
    public async Task<string> GetCurrentKeyAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        await _lock.WaitAsync(cancellationToken);
        try
        {
            if (NeedsRotation())
            {
                await RotateKeyAsync(cancellationToken);
            }
            return _currentKeyId!;
        }
        finally
        {
            _lock.Release();
        }
    }

    private bool NeedsRotation() =>
        _keyExpiry is null || DateTime.UtcNow > _keyExpiry;

    private async Task RotateKeyAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        // Create new key in KMS
        var newKey = await kmsClient.CreateKeyAsync(
            description: $"Data key created {DateTime.UtcNow:O}",
            keyUsage: KeyUsage.EncryptDecrypt,
            cancellationToken: cancellationToken
        );

        _currentKeyId = newKey.KeyId;
        _keyExpiry = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(RotationPeriod);

        // Keep old keys for decryption (don't delete immediately)
        // Data encrypted with old keys can still be decrypted
    }

    public void Dispose() => _lock.Dispose();
}

// KMS client interface (implement for Azure Key Vault, AWS KMS, etc.)
public interface IKmsClient
{
    Task<KmsKey> CreateKeyAsync(string description, KeyUsage keyUsage, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
}

public enum KeyUsage { EncryptDecrypt, SignVerify }
public sealed record KmsKey(string KeyId, DateTime CreatedAt);

随机数生成

using System.Security.Cryptography;

// For cryptographic use - ALWAYS use these
var secureRandomBytes = RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(32);  // 32 random bytes
var secureRandomHex = Convert.ToHexString(RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(32));  // 64 hex chars
var secureRandomUrl = Convert.ToBase64String(RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes(32))
    .Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_').TrimEnd('=');  // URL-safe base64

// For random integers in a range (e.g., tokens, OTPs)
var randomInt = RandomNumberGenerator.GetInt32(100000, 999999);  // 6-digit OTP

// NEVER use for cryptography
var random = new Random();
random.Next();  // NOT cryptographically secure - for games/simulations only

后量子考量

当前的非对称算法(RSA、ECDSA、ECDH)容易受到量子计算机攻击。

NIST 后量子标准(2024 年)
算法类型状态
ML-KEM (Kyber)密钥封装✅ 已标准化
ML-DSA (Dilithium)数字签名✅ 已标准化
SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+)数字签名✅ 已标准化
混合方案(当前推荐)
// Combine classical and post-quantum algorithms
// If either is broken, the other still provides security

// Key exchange: X25519 + ML-KEM-768
// Signature: ECDSA P-256 + ML-DSA-65

// .NET 10+ will include ML-KEM and ML-DSA support
// Until then, use libraries like BouncyCastle for PQ algorithms

// This provides defense-in-depth during the transition period:
// 1. Classical algorithms handle today's threats
// 2. PQ algorithms protect against future quantum attacks
// 3. Combined key material ensures security if either is compromised

快速决策树

你需要执行什么加密操作?

  1. 加密静态数据 → AES-256-GCM
  2. 加密传输中的数据 → TLS 1.3
  3. 哈希密码 → Argon2id
  4. 哈希数据(非密码) → SHA-256 或 BLAKE2b
  5. 数字签名 → Ed25519 或 ECDSA P-256
  6. 密钥交换 → X25519 或 ECDH P-256
  7. 消息认证 → HMAC-SHA256
  8. 生成随机值 → RandomNumberGenerator.GetBytes() 或 RandomNumberGenerator.GetInt32()

安全检查清单

加密
  • 使用认证加密(AES-GCM、ChaCha20-Poly1305)
  • 使用足够的熵生成密钥(256 位)
  • 切勿重复使用随机数/初始向量
  • 实施妥善的密钥管理
密码哈希
  • 使用 Argon2id、bcrypt 或 scrypt
  • 切勿使用 MD5、SHA-1 或不加盐的哈希
  • 使用适当的工作因子
  • 参数变更时实施重新哈希
TLS
  • 最低使用 TLS 1.2,优先使用 TLS 1.3
  • 仅使用强加密套件
  • 使用受信任 CA 签发的有效证书
  • 启用 HSTS
密钥
  • 安全地生成密钥
  • 妥善存储密钥(敏感密钥使用 HSM/KMS)
  • 制定密钥轮换策略
  • 安全销毁密钥

参考资料

相关技能

技能关联
authentication-patterns使用加密技术实现 JWT、会话
secrets-management安全存储加密密钥
secure-coding通用安全实现模式

版本历史

  • v1.0.0 (2025-12-26):首次发布,包含算法、密码哈希、TLS、密钥管理

最后更新: 2025-12-26

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