database

Docker 数据库配置技能

概述

此技能遵循最佳实践配置数据库容器，包括：

• 安全性（密码、网络隔离）
• 持久化（命名卷）
• 健康检查
• 初始化脚本
• 备份和恢复

支持的数据库

• PostgreSQL
• MySQL/MariaDB
• MongoDB
• Redis

流程

1. 查阅文档

阅读 05-databases.md，了解：

• 镜像版本
• 环境变量
• 健康检查配置
• 卷路径
• 初始化模式

2. 生成配置

PostgreSQL 配置

services:
  postgres:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    container_name: postgres
    restart: unless-stopped
    shm_size: 256mb
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: ${DB_USER:-appuser}
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: ${DB_PASSWORD}
      POSTGRES_DB: ${DB_NAME:-appdb}
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
      - ./init-scripts:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
    ports:
      - "127.0.0.1:5432:5432"
    networks:
      - database
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U ${DB_USER:-appuser} -d ${DB_NAME:-appdb}"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
      start_period: 30s

volumes:
  postgres_data:

networks:
  database:
    internal: true

MySQL 配置

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql
    restart: unless-stopped
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${DB_NAME}
      MYSQL_USER: ${DB_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${DB_PASSWORD}
    volumes:
      - mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./init-scripts:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
    ports:
      - "127.0.0.1:3306:3306"
    command: >
      --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password
      --character-set-server=utf8mb4
      --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost", "-u", "root", "-p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  mysql_data:

MongoDB 配置

services:
  mongodb:
    image: mongo:7
    container_name: mongodb
    restart: unless-stopped
    environment:
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME: ${MONGO_USER}
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MONGO_PASSWORD}
      MONGO_INITDB_DATABASE: ${MONGO_DB}
    volumes:
      - mongo_data:/data/db
      - mongo_config:/data/configdb
    ports:
      - "127.0.0.1:27017:27017"
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mongosh", "--eval", "db.adminCommand('ping')"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  mongo_data:
  mongo_config:

Redis 配置

services:
  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    container_name: redis
    restart: unless-stopped
    command: >
      redis-server
      --appendonly yes
      --maxmemory 256mb
      --maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru
      --requirepass ${REDIS_PASSWORD}
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data
    ports:
      - "127.0.0.1:6379:6379"
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "-a", "${REDIS_PASSWORD}", "ping"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  redis_data:

连接字符串

PostgreSQL

DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:password@db:5432/dbname

MySQL

DATABASE_URL=mysql://user:password@db:3306/dbname

MongoDB

MONGO_URI=mongodb://user:password@mongodb:27017/dbname?authSource=admin

Redis

REDIS_URL=redis://:password@redis:6379

备份命令

# PostgreSQL
docker compose exec -T db pg_dumpall -c -U appuser > backup.sql

# MySQL
docker compose exec -T db mysqldump -u root -p"$PASS" --all-databases > backup.sql

# MongoDB
docker compose exec -T db mongodump --archive --gzip > backup.gz

# Redis (if persistence enabled)
docker compose exec redis redis-cli -a "$PASS" BGSAVE

恢复命令

# PostgreSQL
docker compose exec -T db psql -U appuser -d appdb < backup.sql

# MySQL
docker compose exec -T db mysql -u root -p"$PASS" < backup.sql

# MongoDB
docker compose exec -T db mongorestore --archive --gzip < backup.gz

最佳实践

1. 始终使用命名卷来持久化数据
2. 仅绑定到本地主机（127.0.0.1），除非需要外部访问
3. 使用内部网络隔离数据库流量
4. 实施健康检查以管理依赖关系
5. 将凭据存储在 .env 中或 Docker secrets 中
6. 使用初始化脚本设置架构
7. 在执行任何有风险的操作前定期备份