docker-essentials

Docker 基础知识

用于容器和镜像管理的常用 Docker 命令。

容器生命周期

运行容器

# Run container from image
docker run nginx

# Run in background (detached)
docker run -d nginx

# Run with name
docker run --name my-nginx -d nginx

# Run with port mapping
docker run -p 8080:80 -d nginx

# Run with environment variables
docker run -e MY_VAR=value -d app

# Run with volume mount
docker run -v /host/path:/container/path -d app

# Run with auto-remove on exit
docker run --rm alpine echo "Hello"

# Interactive terminal
docker run -it ubuntu bash

管理容器

# List running containers
docker ps

# List all containers (including stopped)
docker ps -a

# Stop container
docker stop container_name

# Start stopped container
docker start container_name

# Restart container
docker restart container_name

# Remove container
docker rm container_name

# Force remove running container
docker rm -f container_name

# Remove all stopped containers
docker container prune

容器检查与调试

查看日志

# Show logs
docker logs container_name

# Follow logs (like tail -f)
docker logs -f container_name

# Last 100 lines
docker logs --tail 100 container_name

# Logs with timestamps
docker logs -t container_name

执行命令

# Execute command in running container
docker exec container_name ls -la

# Interactive shell
docker exec -it container_name bash

# Execute as specific user
docker exec -u root -it container_name bash

# Execute with environment variable
docker exec -e VAR=value container_name env

检查

# Inspect container details
docker inspect container_name

# Get specific field (JSON path)
docker inspect -f '{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}' container_name

# View container stats
docker stats

# View specific container stats
docker stats container_name

# View processes in container
docker top container_name

镜像管理

构建镜像

# Build from Dockerfile
docker build -t myapp:1.0 .

# Build with custom Dockerfile
docker build -f Dockerfile.dev -t myapp:dev .

# Build with build args
docker build --build-arg VERSION=1.0 -t myapp .

# Build without cache
docker build --no-cache -t myapp .

管理镜像

# List images
docker images

# Pull image from registry
docker pull nginx:latest

# Tag image
docker tag myapp:1.0 myapp:latest

# Push to registry
docker push myrepo/myapp:1.0

# Remove image
docker rmi image_name

# Remove unused images
docker image prune

# Remove all unused images
docker image prune -a

Docker Compose

基本操作

# Start services
docker-compose up

# Start in background
docker-compose up -d

# Stop services
docker-compose down

# Stop and remove volumes
docker-compose down -v

# View logs
docker-compose logs

# Follow logs for specific service
docker-compose logs -f web

# Scale service
docker-compose up -d --scale web=3

服务管理

# List services
docker-compose ps

# Execute command in service
docker-compose exec web bash

# Restart service
docker-compose restart web

# Rebuild service
docker-compose build web

# Rebuild and restart
docker-compose up -d --build

网络

# List networks
docker network ls

# Create network
docker network create mynetwork

# Connect container to network
docker network connect mynetwork container_name

# Disconnect from network
docker network disconnect mynetwork container_name

# Inspect network
docker network inspect mynetwork

# Remove network
docker network rm mynetwork

卷

# List volumes
docker volume ls

# Create volume
docker volume create myvolume

# Inspect volume
docker volume inspect myvolume

# Remove volume
docker volume rm myvolume

# Remove unused volumes
docker volume prune

# Run with volume
docker run -v myvolume:/data -d app

系统管理

# View disk usage
docker system df

# Clean up everything unused
docker system prune

# Clean up including unused images
docker system prune -a

# Clean up including volumes
docker system prune --volumes

# Show Docker info
docker info

# Show Docker version
docker version

常见工作流

开发容器：

docker run -it --rm \
  -v $(pwd):/app \
  -w /app \
  -p 3000:3000 \
  node:18 \
  npm run dev

数据库容器：

docker run -d \
  --name postgres \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret \
  -e POSTGRES_DB=mydb \
  -v postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  postgres:15

快速调试：

# Shell into running container
docker exec -it container_name sh

# Copy file from container
docker cp container_name:/path/to/file ./local/path

# Copy file to container
docker cp ./local/file container_name:/path/in/container

多阶段构建：

# Dockerfile
FROM node:18 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=builder /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html

常用标志

docker run 标志：

• -d：分离模式（后台运行）
• -it：交互式终端
• -p：端口映射（主机:容器）
• -v：卷挂载
• -e：环境变量
• --name：容器名称
• --rm：退出时自动删除
• --network：连接到网络

docker exec 标志：

• -it：交互式终端
• -u：用户
• -w：工作目录

提示

• 使用 .dockerignore 从构建上下文中排除文件
• 在 Dockerfile 中合并 RUN 命令以减少层数
• 使用多阶段构建来减小镜像体积
• 始终为镜像标记版本
• 对于一次性容器，使用 --rm
• 对于多容器应用，使用 docker-compose
• 定期使用 docker system prune 清理

文档

官方文档：https://docs.docker.com/ Dockerfile 参考：https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/ Compose 文件参考：https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/