graphics-rendering

图形与渲染

渲染管线

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    RENDERING PIPELINE                        │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  VERTEX STAGE:                                               │
│  Model Space → World Space → View Space → Clip Space        │
│                              ↓                               │
│  RASTERIZATION: Triangles → Fragments                       │
│                              ↓                               │
│  FRAGMENT STAGE: Color, Lighting, Texturing                 │
│                              ↓                               │
│  OUTPUT: Final pixel color to framebuffer                   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

着色器编程

标准 PBR 着色器（HLSL）

// ✅ Production-Ready: PBR Surface Shader
struct SurfaceData
{
    float3 Albedo;
    float3 Normal;
    float Metallic;
    float Roughness;
    float AO;
};

float3 FresnelSchlick(float cosTheta, float3 F0)
{
    return F0 + (1.0 - F0) * pow(1.0 - cosTheta, 5.0);
}

float DistributionGGX(float3 N, float3 H, float roughness)
{
    float a = roughness * roughness;
    float a2 = a * a;
    float NdotH = max(dot(N, H), 0.0);
    float NdotH2 = NdotH * NdotH;

    float denom = (NdotH2 * (a2 - 1.0) + 1.0);
    return a2 / (PI * denom * denom);
}

float4 PBRLighting(SurfaceData surface, float3 viewDir, float3 lightDir)
{
    float3 H = normalize(viewDir + lightDir);
    float3 F0 = lerp(0.04, surface.Albedo, surface.Metallic);

    float D = DistributionGGX(surface.Normal, H, surface.Roughness);
    float3 F = FresnelSchlick(max(dot(H, viewDir), 0.0), F0);

    float3 diffuse = surface.Albedo * (1.0 - surface.Metallic);
    float3 specular = D * F;

    return float4((diffuse + specular) * surface.AO, 1.0);
}

卡通／赛璐珞着色器

// ✅ Production-Ready: Toon Shader
float4 ToonShading(float3 normal, float3 lightDir, float4 baseColor)
{
    float NdotL = dot(normal, lightDir);

    // Step function for cel shading
    float toonRamp;
    if (NdotL > 0.7) toonRamp = 1.0;
    else if (NdotL > 0.3) toonRamp = 0.6;
    else if (NdotL > 0.0) toonRamp = 0.3;
    else toonRamp = 0.1;

    return baseColor * toonRamp;
}

// Outline pass (inverted hull method)
float4 OutlineVertex(float4 position, float3 normal, float outlineWidth)
{
    position.xyz += normal * outlineWidth;
    return position;
}

视觉效果（VFX）

粒子系统设置

PARTICLE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  EMITTER: Rate, Bursts, Shape                               │
│                    ↓                                         │
│  SPAWN: Initial velocity, Size, Color, Lifetime             │
│                    ↓                                         │
│  UPDATE: Forces, Collisions, Color over life               │
│                    ↓                                         │
│  RENDER: Billboard, Mesh, Trail                             │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

COMMON VFX RECIPES:
┌────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Fire           │ Orange→Yellow gradient, upward velocity   │
│ Smoke          │ Gray billboards, turbulence noise         │
│ Sparks         │ Point emitter, gravity, short lifetime    │
│ Magic          │ Spiral path, glow, color cycling          │
│ Blood          │ Burst, gravity, decal on collision        │
└────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘

优化技术

技术	绘制调用减少量	适用场景
静态批处理	90%+	静态几何体
动态批处理	50-80%	小型移动物体
GPU 实例化	95%+	大量相同物体
LOD 系统	40-60%	远处物体
遮挡剔除	30-70%	室内场景

LOD 配置

LOD DISTANCE SETUP:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  LOD0 (100% tris): 0-20m   → Full detail                   │
│  LOD1 (50% tris):  20-50m  → Reduced detail                │
│  LOD2 (25% tris):  50-100m → Low detail                    │
│  LOD3 (10% tris):  100m+   → Billboard/Impostor            │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

🔧 故障排除

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ PROBLEM: Too many draw calls (>2000)                        │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SOLUTIONS:                                                   │
│ → Enable GPU instancing for repeated objects               │
│ → Use texture atlases                                       │
│ → Merge static meshes                                       │
│ → Implement LOD system                                      │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ PROBLEM: Shader artifacts / visual glitches                 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SOLUTIONS:                                                   │
│ → Check for division by zero                                │
│ → Validate normal vectors                                   │
│ → Use saturate() on color outputs                           │
│ → Check texture sampling modes                              │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

平台指南

平台	最大绘制调用数	着色器复杂度	纹理尺寸
移动平台	100-200	低	最大 1024px
主机	2000-3000	高	4096px
PC	3000-5000	很高	8192px
VR	100-150	低	2048px

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使用此技能：创建着色器、优化视觉效果或实现特效时。