implementing-passwordless-auth-with-microsoft-entra

使用 Microsoft Entra 实现无密码身份验证

适用场景

• 组织希望消除基于密码的攻击（钓鱼、撞库、暴力破解）
• 法规或内部要求强制使用抗钓鱼 MFA（第 14028 号行政命令、CISA 指南）
• 在整个企业范围内部署 FIDO2 安全密钥或 Windows Hello 企业版
• 从旧版 MFA（短信、电话呼叫）迁移到抗钓鱼身份验证方法
• 为混合加入或云加入的 Windows 实现通行密钥支持
• 减少因密码重置请求产生的帮助台成本

不适用于无法支持新式身份验证协议的环境；使用 NTLM 或基本身份验证的旧版应用程序必须先迁移。

先决条件

• Microsoft Entra ID P1 或 P2 许可证（Azure AD Premium）
• 部署 Windows Hello 企业版需要 Windows 10/11 22H2+
• 符合 FIDO2 的安全密钥（YubiKey 5 系列、飞天 BioPass、Google Titan）
• 在 iOS 16+/Android 14+ 上支持通行密钥需要 Microsoft Authenticator 应用 6.8+
• Windows 设备需要混合 Azure AD 加入或 Azure AD 加入
• 为身份验证强度配置的条件访问策略

工作流

步骤 1：配置身份验证方法策略

在 Microsoft Entra 中启用无密码身份验证方法：

# Connect to Microsoft Graph
Connect-MgGraph -Scopes "Policy.ReadWrite.AuthenticationMethod", "User.ReadWrite.All"

# Enable FIDO2 Security Key authentication method
$fido2Policy = @{
    "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.fido2AuthenticationMethodConfiguration"
    state = "enabled"
    isAttestationEnforced = $true
    isSelfServiceRegistrationAllowed = $true
    keyRestrictions = @{
        isEnforced = $true
        enforcementType = "allow"
        aaGuids = @(
            "cb69481e-8ff7-4039-93ec-0a2729a154a8",  # YubiKey 5 Series
            "ee882879-721c-4913-9775-3dfcce97072a",  # YubiKey 5 NFC
            "fa2b99dc-9e39-4257-8f92-4a30d23c4118",  # YubiKey 5C NFC
            "2fc0579f-8113-47ea-b116-bb5a8db9202a",  # YubiKey Bio
            "73bb0cd4-e502-49b8-9c6f-b59445bf720b"   # Google Titan
        )
    }
    includeTargets = @(
        @{
            targetType = "group"
            id = "all_users"  # Or specific security group ID
        }
    )
}
Update-MgPolicyAuthenticationMethodPolicyAuthenticationMethodConfiguration `
    -AuthenticationMethodConfigurationId "fido2" `
    -BodyParameter $fido2Policy

# Enable Microsoft Authenticator with passkey support
$authenticatorPolicy = @{
    "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.microsoftAuthenticatorAuthenticationMethodConfiguration"
    state = "enabled"
    featureSettings = @{
        displayAppInformationRequiredState = @{
            state = "enabled"
            includeTarget = @{
                targetType = "group"
                id = "all_users"
            }
        }
        displayLocationInformationRequiredState = @{
            state = "enabled"
            includeTarget = @{
                targetType = "group"
                id = "all_users"
            }
        }
        companionAppAllowedState = @{
            state = "enabled"
        }
    }
    includeTargets = @(
        @{
            targetType = "group"
            id = "all_users"
            authenticationMode = "any"
        }
    )
}
Update-MgPolicyAuthenticationMethodPolicyAuthenticationMethodConfiguration `
    -AuthenticationMethodConfigurationId "microsoftAuthenticator" `
    -BodyParameter $authenticatorPolicy

# Enable Windows Hello for Business
$whfbPolicy = @{
    "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.windowsHelloForBusinessAuthenticationMethodConfiguration"
    state = "enabled"
    pinMinimumLength = 6
    pinMaximumLength = 127
    pinLowercaseCharactersUsage = "allowed"
    pinUppercaseCharactersUsage = "allowed"
    pinSpecialCharactersUsage = "allowed"
    securityKeyForSignIn = "enabled"
    includeTargets = @(
        @{
            targetType = "group"
            id = "all_users"
        }
    )
}
Update-MgPolicyAuthenticationMethodPolicyAuthenticationMethodConfiguration `
    -AuthenticationMethodConfigurationId "windowsHelloForBusiness" `
    -BodyParameter $whfbPolicy

Write-Host "Passwordless authentication methods enabled successfully"

步骤 2：配置身份验证强度条件访问

创建要求抗钓鱼身份验证的条件访问策略：

# Create custom authentication strength for phishing-resistant MFA
$authStrength = @{
    displayName = "Phishing-Resistant Passwordless"
    description = "Requires FIDO2, WHfB, or certificate-based authentication"
    allowedCombinations = @(
        "fido2",
        "windowsHelloForBusiness",
        "x509CertificateMultiFactor"
    )
    requirementsSatisfied = "mfa"
}
$strengthPolicy = New-MgPolicyAuthenticationStrengthPolicy -BodyParameter $authStrength

# Create Conditional Access policy requiring phishing-resistant auth
$caPolicy = @{
    displayName = "Require Phishing-Resistant Auth for All Apps"
    state = "enabledForReportingButNotEnforced"  # Start in report-only
    conditions = @{
        users = @{
            includeUsers = @("All")
            excludeGroups = @("Passwordless-Exclusion-Group")
        }
        applications = @{
            includeApplications = @("All")
        }
        clientAppTypes = @("browser", "mobileAppsAndDesktopClients")
    }
    grantControls = @{
        operator = "OR"
        authenticationStrength = @{
            id = $strengthPolicy.Id
        }
    }
}
New-MgIdentityConditionalAccessPolicy -BodyParameter $caPolicy

# Create stricter policy for admin portals
$adminPolicy = @{
    displayName = "Require Security Key for Admin Access"
    state = "enabled"
    conditions = @{
        users = @{
            includeRoles = @(
                "62e90394-69f5-4237-9190-012177145e10",  # Global Admin
                "194ae4cb-b126-40b2-bd5b-6091b380977d",  # Security Admin
                "f28a1f50-f6e7-4571-818b-6a12f2af6b6c",  # SharePoint Admin
                "29232cdf-9323-42fd-ade2-1d097af3e4de"   # Exchange Admin
            )
        }
        applications = @{
            includeApplications = @(
                "797f4846-ba00-4fd7-ba43-dac1f8f63013",  # Azure Portal
                "00000006-0000-0ff1-ce00-000000000000",  # Microsoft 365 Admin
                "0000000a-0000-0000-c000-000000000000"   # Entra Admin Center
            )
        }
    }
    grantControls = @{
        operator = "OR"
        authenticationStrength = @{
            id = $strengthPolicy.Id
        }
    }
    sessionControls = @{
        signInFrequency = @{
            value = 4
            type = "hours"
            isEnabled = $true
        }
    }
}
New-MgIdentityConditionalAccessPolicy -BodyParameter $adminPolicy

步骤 3：通过 Intune 部署 Windows Hello 企业版

通过 Microsoft Intune MDM 配置 WHfB 部署：

# Create Windows Hello for Business configuration profile in Intune
$whfbProfile = @{
    "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.windowsIdentityProtectionConfiguration"
    displayName = "WHfB - Enterprise Deployment"
    description = "Windows Hello for Business configuration for all managed devices"
    useSecurityKeyForSignin = $true
    windowsHelloForBusinessBlocked = $false
    pinMinimumLength = 6
    pinMaximumLength = 127
    pinUppercaseCharactersUsage = "allowed"
    pinLowercaseCharactersUsage = "allowed"
    pinSpecialCharactersUsage = "allowed"
    enhancedAntiSpoofingForFacialFeaturesEnabled = $true
    pinRecoveryEnabled = $true
    securityDeviceRequired = $true  # Require TPM
    unlockWithBiometricsEnabled = $true
    useCertificatesForOnPremisesAuthEnabled = $true  # For hybrid scenarios
    # Cloud Kerberos Trust for hybrid join (recommended over key trust)
    windowsHelloForBusinessAuthenticationMethod = "cloudKerberosTrust"
}

# Create the configuration profile
$profile = New-MgDeviceManagementDeviceConfiguration -BodyParameter $whfbProfile

# Assign to all Windows devices
$assignment = @{
    target = @{
        "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.allDevicesAssignmentTarget"
    }
}
New-MgDeviceManagementDeviceConfigurationAssignment `
    -DeviceConfigurationId $profile.Id `
    -BodyParameter $assignment

# Configure Cloud Kerberos Trust (for hybrid Azure AD joined devices)
# This eliminates the need for PKI infrastructure
# Requires Azure AD Kerberos module

Import-Module AzureADHybridAuthenticationManagement

# Create Azure AD Kerberos Server object in on-premises AD
$domain = "corp.local"
$cloudCredential = Get-Credential -Message "Enter Azure AD Global Admin credentials"
$domainCredential = Get-Credential -Message "Enter on-premises Domain Admin credentials"

Set-AzureADKerberosServer `
    -Domain $domain `
    -CloudCredential $cloudCredential `
    -DomainCredential $domainCredential

# Verify Kerberos Server object
Get-AzureADKerberosServer -Domain $domain -CloudCredential $cloudCredential `
    -DomainCredential $domainCredential

Write-Host "Cloud Kerberos Trust configured for hybrid WHfB deployment"

步骤 4：为用户注册 FIDO2 安全密钥

实现安全密钥注册工作流：

# Bulk FIDO2 security key registration via Temporary Access Pass
# Step 1: Issue Temporary Access Pass for key registration

function Issue-TemporaryAccessPass {
    param(
        [string]$UserId,
        [int]$LifetimeMinutes = 60,
        [bool]$IsUsableOnce = $true
    )

    $tap = @{
        "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.temporaryAccessPassAuthenticationMethod"
        lifetimeInMinutes = $LifetimeMinutes
        isUsableOnce = $IsUsableOnce
    }

    $result = New-MgUserAuthenticationTemporaryAccessPassMethod `
        -UserId $UserId `
        -BodyParameter $tap

    return @{
        UserId = $UserId
        TemporaryAccessPass = $result.TemporaryAccessPass
        ExpiresAt = $result.CreatedDateTime.AddMinutes($LifetimeMinutes)
    }
}

# Bulk issue TAPs for security key registration event
$registrationUsers = Import-Csv "security_key_registration_list.csv"

$tapResults = foreach ($user in $registrationUsers) {
    $tap = Issue-TemporaryAccessPass -UserId $user.UserPrincipalName
    [PSCustomObject]@{
        User = $user.UserPrincipalName
        TAP = $tap.TemporaryAccessPass
        Expires = $tap.ExpiresAt
        KeySerial = $user.AssignedKeySerial
    }
}

# Export TAPs for secure distribution to registration team
$tapResults | Export-Csv "tap_assignments.csv" -NoTypeInformation

# Monitor FIDO2 registration progress
function Get-Fido2RegistrationStatus {
    $allUsers = Get-MgUser -All -Property "id,userPrincipalName,department"

    $registrationStatus = foreach ($user in $allUsers) {
        $methods = Get-MgUserAuthenticationFido2Method -UserId $user.Id

        [PSCustomObject]@{
            UserPrincipalName = $user.UserPrincipalName
            Department = $user.Department
            Fido2KeyCount = $methods.Count
            KeyModels = ($methods.Model -join ", ")
            RegistrationDates = ($methods.CreatedDateTime -join ", ")
            HasBackupKey = $methods.Count -ge 2
        }
    }

    return $registrationStatus
}

$status = Get-Fido2RegistrationStatus
$total = $status.Count
$registered = ($status | Where-Object { $_.Fido2KeyCount -gt 0 }).Count
$withBackup = ($status | Where-Object { $_.HasBackupKey }).Count

Write-Host "FIDO2 Registration Progress"
Write-Host "  Total Users: $total"
Write-Host "  Registered:  $registered ($([math]::Round($registered/$total*100,1))%)"
Write-Host "  With Backup: $withBackup ($([math]::Round($withBackup/$total*100,1))%)"

步骤 5：禁用旧版身份验证方法

逐步淘汰可被钓鱼的身份验证因素：

# Disable SMS and voice call authentication
$smsPolicy = @{
    "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.smsAuthenticationMethodConfiguration"
    state = "disabled"
}
Update-MgPolicyAuthenticationMethodPolicyAuthenticationMethodConfiguration `
    -AuthenticationMethodConfigurationId "sms" `
    -BodyParameter $smsPolicy

$voicePolicy = @{
    "@odata.type" = "#microsoft.graph.voiceAuthenticationMethodConfiguration"
    state = "disabled"
}
Update-MgPolicyAuthenticationMethodPolicyAuthenticationMethodConfiguration `
    -AuthenticationMethodConfigurationId "voice" `
    -BodyParameter $voicePolicy

# Block legacy authentication protocols via Conditional Access
$blockLegacyPolicy = @{
    displayName = "Block Legacy Authentication"
    state = "enabled"
    conditions = @{
        users = @{ includeUsers = @("All") }
        applications = @{ includeApplications = @("All") }
        clientAppTypes = @(
            "exchangeActiveSync",
            "other"
        )
    }
    grantControls = @{
        operator = "OR"
        builtInControls = @("block")
    }
}
New-MgIdentityConditionalAccessPolicy -BodyParameter $blockLegacyPolicy

# Audit users still using legacy authentication
$legacyAuthReport = Get-MgAuditLogSignIn -Filter "clientAppUsed ne 'Browser' and clientAppUsed ne 'Mobile Apps and Desktop clients'" `
    -Top 1000 | Group-Object userPrincipalName | Select-Object Count, Name |
    Sort-Object Count -Descending

Write-Host "Users with Legacy Auth (last 30 days):"
$legacyAuthReport | Format-Table -AutoSize

步骤 6：监控无密码采用指标

跟踪部署进度和身份验证方法使用情况：

# Generate passwordless adoption dashboard data
function Get-PasswordlessAdoptionMetrics {
    # Authentication method registration statistics
    $registrationReport = Get-MgReportAuthenticationMethodUserRegistrationDetail -All

    $metrics = @{
        TotalUsers = $registrationReport.Count
        PasswordlessCapable = ($registrationReport | Where-Object { $_.IsPasswordlessCapable }).Count
        MfaRegistered = ($registrationReport | Where-Object { $_.IsMfaRegistered }).Count
        Fido2Registered = ($registrationReport | Where-Object { "fido2" -in $_.MethodsRegistered }).Count
        WhfbRegistered = ($registrationReport | Where-Object { "windowsHelloForBusiness" -in $_.MethodsRegistered }).Count
        AuthenticatorRegistered = ($registrationReport | Where-Object { "microsoftAuthenticator" -in $_.MethodsRegistered }).Count
        SmsOnly = ($registrationReport | Where-Object {
            "sms" -in $_.MethodsRegistered -and
            "fido2" -notin $_.MethodsRegistered -and
            "windowsHelloForBusiness" -notin $_.MethodsRegistered
        }).Count
    }

    # Authentication method usage from sign-in logs
    $signInLogs = Get-MgAuditLogSignIn -Top 10000 -Filter "createdDateTime ge $((Get-Date).AddDays(-30).ToString('yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ssZ'))"

    $authMethodUsage = $signInLogs |
        Group-Object { $_.AuthenticationMethodsUsed -join "," } |
        Select-Object Count, Name | Sort-Object Count -Descending

    return @{
        Registration = $metrics
        Usage = $authMethodUsage
    }
}

$adoption = Get-PasswordlessAdoptionMetrics
$reg = $adoption.Registration

Write-Host "PASSWORDLESS ADOPTION REPORT"
Write-Host "============================"
Write-Host "Total Users:              $($reg.TotalUsers)"
Write-Host "Passwordless Capable:     $($reg.PasswordlessCapable) ($([math]::Round($reg.PasswordlessCapable/$reg.TotalUsers*100,1))%)"
Write-Host "  FIDO2 Keys:             $($reg.Fido2Registered)"
Write-Host "  Windows Hello:          $($reg.WhfbRegistered)"
Write-Host "  Authenticator:          $($reg.AuthenticatorRegistered)"
Write-Host "MFA Registered:           $($reg.MfaRegistered) ($([math]::Round($reg.MfaRegistered/$reg.TotalUsers*100,1))%)"
Write-Host "SMS Only (needs upgrade): $($reg.SmsOnly)"

关键概念

术语	定义
FIDO2	Fast Identity Online 2 标准，使用绑定到硬件验证器或平台凭据的公钥加密技术实现无密码身份验证
通行密钥	FIDO2 凭据，可以绑定到设备（安全密钥）或跨设备同步，无需密码即可提供抗钓鱼身份验证
Windows Hello 企业版	Windows 平台验证器，使用由 TPM 保护的非对称密钥支持的 PIN、指纹或面部识别进行无密码登录
云 Kerberos 信任	混合 WHfB 的部署模型，使用 Azure AD Kerberos 对本地资源进行身份验证，而无需 PKI 证书基础结构
临时访问通行证	由管理员签发的时间受限密码，使用户能够注册无密码方法，或在其主要方法不可用时恢复访问
身份验证强度	Microsoft Entra 中的条件访问功能，指定哪些身份验证方法组合满足给定策略的 MFA 要求

工具与系统

• Microsoft Entra 管理中心：用于配置身份验证方法、条件访问策略和监控登录分析的门户
• Microsoft Intune：用于将 Windows Hello 企业版配置配置文件部署到托管设备的 MDM/MAM 平台
• Microsoft Graph API：用于管理身份验证方法、策略和生成采用报告的编程接口
• FIDO2 安全密钥：存储用于抗钓鱼身份验证的加密凭据的硬件验证器（YubiKey、飞天、Google Titan）

常见场景

场景：企业级无密码迁移

背景：拥有 5,000 名用户的组织在遭遇一次导致 47 个账户被攻陷的网络钓鱼攻击后，计划在 12 个月内消除密码。当前状态：60% 使用短信 MFA，30% 使用 Authenticator 应用，10% 未启用 MFA。

方法：

1. 阶段 1（第 1-2 个月）：在仅报告模式的条件访问中启用 FIDO2 和 WHfB 身份验证方法
2. 阶段 2（第 2-3 个月）：通过 Intune 配合 Cloud Kerberos Trust 将 WHfB 部署到所有受管理的 Windows 设备
3. 阶段 3（第 3-5 个月）：向高管、IT 管理员和财务人员（优先覆盖风险最高的用户）分发 FIDO2 安全密钥
4. 阶段 4（第 5-8 个月）：为以移动设备为主的用户和外勤人员启用 Authenticator 通行密钥
5. 阶段 5（第 8-10 个月）：将条件访问从仅报告模式切换为对防网络钓鱼身份验证强制执行
6. 阶段 6（第 10-12 个月）：禁用短信和语音通话方式，阻止旧版身份验证协议
7. 持续进行：监控采用指标，为落后用户签发 TAP，维护应急账户

陷阱：

• 未部署 Cloud Kerberos Trust 会导致 WHfB 在混合环境中无法访问本地资源
• 在未确保所有应用程序支持新式身份验证的情况下强制实施无密码会导致访问中断
• 每位用户仅签发一个安全密钥而无备份，一旦密钥丢失会造成锁定风险
• 在禁用基于密码的登录之前未将临时访问通行证配置为恢复方法

输出格式

PASSWORDLESS AUTHENTICATION DEPLOYMENT REPORT
================================================
Tenant:            corp.onmicrosoft.com
Users:             5,247
Deployment Phase:  Phase 4 (Authenticator Passkeys)

AUTHENTICATION METHOD REGISTRATION
Passwordless Capable:    4,103 / 5,247 (78.2%)
  FIDO2 Security Keys:   892 (17.0%)
  Windows Hello:          2,847 (54.3%)
  Authenticator Passkey:  1,234 (23.5%)
  Certificate-Based:      312 (5.9%)

LEGACY METHOD STATUS
SMS-Only Users:          387 (7.4%) -- migration in progress
Voice-Only Users:        0 (disabled)
No MFA Users:            42 (0.8%) -- TAPs issued

CONDITIONAL ACCESS
Phishing-Resistant Policy:  ENFORCED (all users except exclusion group)
Legacy Auth Block:          ENABLED
Admin Portal Policy:        SECURITY KEY REQUIRED

SIGN-IN ANALYTICS (Last 30 Days)
Total Sign-Ins:          847,293
  Passwordless:          623,891 (73.6%)
  Password + MFA:        198,402 (23.4%)
  Password Only:         0 (blocked)
  Legacy Protocol:       0 (blocked)

SECURITY IMPACT
Phishing Incidents:      0 (down from 47 pre-deployment)
Password Reset Tickets:  -82% reduction
Avg Sign-In Time:        8.2s (passwordless) vs 24.1s (password)