关于 interview-prep
面向记者的采访准备技能,涵盖背景调查、问题设计、录音同意、安排和后续工作,并为调查性及敏感采访等不同类型提供指导。
主要功能
- 01来源与主题调查清单
- 02按采访类型组织问题
- 03录音同意指南
- 04归属约定与安排模板
- 05采访后的跟进步骤
适用场景
- 01准备调查性采访
- 02为专家采访设计问题
- 03确认录音和信息归属约定
- 04采访后核查受访者说法
安装
复制下面的命令,在终端中运行。
$
npx skills add https:/ / github.com/ jamditis/ claude-skills-journalism --skill interview-prep安装后在 Claude Code 中输入/interview-prep确认已加载。
附带文件agents/openai.yaml
详细介绍
面试准备
采访的成败取决于准备,而非交谈本身。本技能涵盖采访前的调查、问题设计、后勤安排和后续跟进。
适用场景
- 准备采访消息来源
- 为常见采访类型设计问题框架
- 管理采访安排和知情同意
- 规划首次采访后的跟进
- 培训新记者掌握采访技巧
采访前调查清单
背景调查
## Source background check
### Public records
- [ ] Professional licenses verified
- [ ] Court records checked (civil/criminal)
- [ ] Business registrations confirmed
- [ ] Property records (if relevant)
- [ ] Campaign finance (if political figure)
- [ ] SEC filings (if corporate)
### Professional background
- [ ] LinkedIn profile reviewed
- [ ] Current employer confirmed
- [ ] Previous employers noted
- [ ] Published work reviewed
- [ ] Conference appearances checked
- [ ] Professional associations
### Social media audit
- [ ] All platforms identified (X, Bluesky, Threads, Mastodon, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube, Substack, etc.)
- [ ] Post history reviewed
- [ ] Connections/followers analyzed
- [ ] Previous statements on topic found
- [ ] Any deleted content recovered? (See **web-archiving** skill for Wayback / Archive.today retrieval)
### Media appearances
- [ ] Previous interviews found
- [ ] Statements consistent with current position?
- [ ] Other journalists' assessments
- [ ] Any retractions or corrections involving them?
情境调查
## Topic preparation
### Essential knowledge
- [ ] Key facts about the topic confirmed
- [ ] Timeline of events established
- [ ] Other stakeholders identified
- [ ] Conflicting accounts noted
- [ ] Documents/data reviewed
### What to know before you dial
- [ ] How do they fit into the story?
- [ ] What do I NEED from this interview?
- [ ] What might they be reluctant to discuss?
- [ ] What have they said publicly before?
问题框架
核心问题
每次采访都应围绕以下问题展开:
- 发生了什么?(事实)
- 为什么会发生?(原因)
- 你做了什么/决定了什么/看到了什么?(行动)
- 这意味着什么?(意义)
- 接下来会怎样?(影响)
问题类型
| 类型 | 目的 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 开放式 | 了解完整经过 | “请跟我说说那天发生了什么。” |
| 澄清式 | 确认细节 | “你说‘不久之后’,是指几分钟还是几小时?” |
| 深入追问式 | 深入了解 | “你认为那件事为什么会发生?” |
| 跟进式 | 发现前后矛盾 | “你之前说的是 X,但现在提到了 Y。请帮我理解一下。” |
| 质询式 | 质疑陈述 | “文件显示[事实]。你如何回应?” |
| 收尾式 | 确保内容完整 | “有没有什么我没问到、但你觉得我应该知道的事?” |
按采访类型划分的问题模板
人物专访:
1. Background: "Tell me about where you grew up / how you got started."
2. Turning point: "When did you realize [X] was your path?"
3. Challenge: "What was the hardest moment in [period]?"
4. Values: "What principle guides your work?"
5. Future: "What are you working on next?"
调查性采访:
1. Establish rapport: Non-threatening background questions first
2. Timeline: "Walk me through [event] from the beginning."
3. Details: "Who else was there? What did you see/hear?"
4. Documentation: "Do you have any records of this?"
5. Corroboration: "Who else can confirm this?"
6. Response: "What did [other party] say when you raised this?"
专家/解读类采访:
1. Credentials: "What's your expertise in this area?"
2. Plain language: "Explain [concept] as if I'm not a specialist."
3. Context: "How common/unusual is [situation]?"
4. Significance: "Why does this matter?"
5. Sources: "Where can I learn more? Who else should I talk to?"
受害者/敏感议题采访:
1. Control: "Take your time. You can stop at any point."
2. Open: "Tell me what you're comfortable sharing."
3. Specific: "Can you describe [specific detail]?"
4. Impact: "How has this affected you?"
5. Agency: "What do you want people to understand?"
6. Check-in: "Are you okay to continue?"
录音与知情同意
各州的录音法律
各州的录音同意法律因司法辖区而异,且会发生变化。一些州区分电话录音与当面录音;另一些州将电子通信纳入单独的法规;若干州的判例法(如马萨诸塞州、密歇根州、康涅狄格州)对原有法定规则作出了限缩或扩展。
最可靠的单一参考资料是新闻自由记者委员会的 记者录音指南,网址为 rcfp.org/reporters-recording-guide。该指南持续更新,并按州提供细分信息,涵盖单方同意与所有参与方同意、电话与当面录音的区别、隐蔽录音规则以及联邦法律优先适用的情况。
一般类别:
- 单方同意(联邦默认规则)。 如果你是谈话的参与方,即使不告知对方,也可以录音。出于道德原因,仍应告知对方。
- 所有参与方(双方)同意。 所有参与者都必须同意。截至 2025-2026 年,此类别包括(并非详尽列表,依赖前请对照 RCFP 核实):加利福尼亚州、佛罗里达州、伊利诺伊州、马里兰州、马萨诸塞州、蒙大拿州、内华达州、新罕布什尔州、宾夕法尼亚州、华盛顿州。其他若干州(康涅狄格州、密歇根州、俄勒冈州、特拉华州、佛蒙特州、夏威夷州)在某些情境下适用双方同意规则,但并非所有情境都适用;RCFP 提供了按情境划分的详细信息。
- 跨州通话。 如果通话各方身处不同州,通常适用法律更严格的州的法律。如果你身处单方同意州,而采访对象身处双方同意州,请取得对方同意。
无论司法辖区如何,都应做到:
- 开始时明确说明:“我正在录制这次采访,可以吗?”
- 在录音中取得明确同意。
- 在笔记中记录对方的同意。
无论身处何处,这都能为你提供法律保护,也是道德底线。
知情同意模板
## Recording consent
Date: [date]
Interviewer: [your name]
Subject: [their name]
Medium: [phone/video/in-person]
[At start of recording:]
"This is [your name] with [publication], interviewing [their name] on [date].
I'm recording this conversation. Do I have your permission to record?"
[Their response: yes/no]
"And you understand this may be used for publication?"
[Their response: yes/no]
引述归属指南
可公开引用(默认)
- 所有内容均可使用全名和职务发表
- 除非另有约定,否则这是通常的预期
背景引用
- 信息可以使用,但不透露消息来源的姓名
- 约定具体称谓:“一位高级官员”“一位了解此事的人”
- 采访结束前确认准确措辞
深度背景
- 这些信息可为报道提供指引,但绝不能注明来源
- 发布前须独立核实
- 很少适合采用,应尽量争取至少以背景信息方式提供
不得公开
- 这些信息仅供你了解
- 不得发布,也不得用来向其他人寻求确认
- 务必在对方分享信息之前达成一致,而非事后
- 如果对方先以可公开方式说出某事,之后又想将其转为不得公开,你可以拒绝
澄清来源标注方式
Before starting:
"Just to be clear on attribution, are we on the record?"
If they request otherwise:
"I'd prefer on the record. What concerns you about that?"
If they insist:
"Okay, we'll go on background. What description can I use?"
Document it:
"So I can refer to you as [agreed description], is that right?"
采访安排
预约模板
## Interview request
To: [source name]
Subject: Interview request - [topic] - [publication]
[Name],
I'm a [title] at [publication] working on a story about [brief, honest description].
I'd like to speak with you because [why they're relevant]. The interview would take approximately [realistic time estimate].
Are you available [specific days/times]? I can do phone, video, or in-person, whatever works best for you.
Please let me know if you have questions about the story.
[Your name]
[Contact info]
采访前检查清单
## Day-of checklist
### Equipment
- [ ] Primary recorder charged/working
- [ ] Backup recorder ready
- [ ] Notebook and pens
- [ ] Printed questions/documents
- [ ] Business cards
### Logistics
- [ ] Location confirmed
- [ ] Contact's phone number for day-of
- [ ] Tested video/phone connection
- [ ] Quiet space secured
### Preparation
- [ ] Questions reviewed and prioritized
- [ ] Documents to reference ready
- [ ] Timeline of facts clear in mind
- [ ] Backup questions if interview goes short
采访过程中
开场
- 简短闲聊,建立融洽关系
- 确认可用时间
- 说明录音事宜并征得同意
- 从简单、开放式的问题开始
积极倾听
- 让对方说完
- 善用沉默,不要填满每个停顿
- 即使录音也要做笔记
- 单独记录非语言线索
实时核实
- 询问具体信息:日期、姓名、地点
- 采访期间索取文件
- 询问“你怎么知道的?”
- 记录前后不一致之处,以便跟进
收尾
- “有没有什么我没问到,但应该问的?”
- “我还应该和谁谈谈?”
- “如果我还有问题,可以再联系你吗?”
- 感谢对方抽出时间
后续流程
有关录音备份、转录工具和引语核实的具体操作,请使用 interview-transcription 技能。此处的笔记仅涵盖其中未涉及的采访后编辑步骤。
采访当天
- 备份录音(存储和命名方式请参阅 interview-transcription)
- 记录录音中未包含的观察(肢体语言、环境、未录入麦克风的发言)
- 如适合,发送感谢信息
48 小时内
- 对照现有记录核查说法
- 找出需要跟进的缺口
- 将消息来源添加到联系人数据库
发布前
- 核实引语准确无误
- 确认来源标注方式
- 如已承诺,提供引语回读机会
- 给对方机会回应相关描述(如具有新闻价值)
棘手情况
对方在采访中途要求转为不得公开
“在我同意之前,先让我听听你想告诉我什么,然后我们再讨论如何处理。”
对方拒绝回答
“我理解你不能讨论这件事。你能告诉我可以联系谁吗?”
对方态度敌对
保持冷静。提问务必基于事实。“我只是想了解发生了什么。”
对方哭泣或情绪激动
暂停。“慢慢来。你随时可以让我们停下来。”
对方说谎
不要指责。出示相矛盾的证据:“文件显示 [X]。你能帮我了解一下这处出入吗?”
成功的采访离不开充分准备。对话才是容易的部分。
评论
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