owasp-security

OWASP Top 10 安全风险

防止 Web 应用中的常见安全漏洞。

OWASP Top 10（2021）

#	漏洞	防护措施
A01	访问控制失效	进行适当的授权检查
A02	加密机制失效	使用强加密并安全存储
A03	注入	验证输入，使用参数化查询
A04	不安全设计	进行威胁建模，采用安全模式
A05	安全配置错误	加固配置，不使用默认设置
A06	易受攻击的组件	扫描依赖项并及时更新
A07	身份验证失效	使用 MFA，安全管理会话
A08	数据完整性失效	验证输入，使用签名更新
A09	日志记录失效	记录全面的审计日志
A10	SSRF	验证 URL，使用允许列表

A01：访问控制失效

防护模式

// ❌ BAD: No authorization check
app.get('/api/users/:id', async (req, res) => {
  const user = await db.users.findById(req.params.id);
  res.json(user);
});

// ✅ GOOD: Verify ownership
app.get('/api/users/:id', authenticate, async (req, res) => {
  const userId = req.params.id;
  
  // Users can only access their own data
  if (req.user.id !== userId && req.user.role !== 'admin') {
    return res.status(403).json({ error: 'Forbidden' });
  }
  
  const user = await db.users.findById(userId);
  res.json(user);
});

// ✅ GOOD: Role-based access control (RBAC)
const requireRole = (...roles: string[]) => {
  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    if (!roles.includes(req.user?.role)) {
      return res.status(403).json({ error: 'Insufficient permissions' });
    }
    next();
  };
};

app.delete('/api/posts/:id', authenticate, requireRole('admin', 'moderator'), deletePost);

不安全的直接对象引用（IDOR）

// ❌ BAD: Predictable IDs exposed
GET /api/invoices/1001
GET /api/invoices/1002  // Can enumerate others' invoices

// ✅ GOOD: Use UUIDs + ownership check
app.get('/api/invoices/:id', authenticate, async (req, res) => {
  const invoice = await db.invoices.findOne({
    id: req.params.id,
    userId: req.user.id,  // Enforce ownership
  });
  
  if (!invoice) {
    return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Not found' });
  }
  
  res.json(invoice);
});

A02：加密机制失效

密码哈希

import bcrypt from 'bcrypt';
import crypto from 'crypto';

// ✅ Hash passwords with bcrypt
const SALT_ROUNDS = 12;

async function hashPassword(password: string): Promise<string> {
  return bcrypt.hash(password, SALT_ROUNDS);
}

async function verifyPassword(password: string, hash: string): Promise<boolean> {
  return bcrypt.compare(password, hash);
}

// ✅ Secure token generation
function generateSecureToken(length = 32): string {
  return crypto.randomBytes(length).toString('hex');
}

// ✅ Encrypt sensitive data
const ALGORITHM = 'aes-256-gcm';
const KEY = crypto.scryptSync(process.env.ENCRYPTION_KEY!, 'salt', 32);

function encrypt(text: string): { encrypted: string; iv: string; tag: string } {
  const iv = crypto.randomBytes(16);
  const cipher = crypto.createCipheriv(ALGORITHM, KEY, iv);
  
  let encrypted = cipher.update(text, 'utf8', 'hex');
  encrypted += cipher.final('hex');
  
  return {
    encrypted,
    iv: iv.toString('hex'),
    tag: cipher.getAuthTag().toString('hex'),
  };
}

function decrypt(encrypted: string, iv: string, tag: string): string {
  const decipher = crypto.createDecipheriv(ALGORITHM, KEY, Buffer.from(iv, 'hex'));
  decipher.setAuthTag(Buffer.from(tag, 'hex'));
  
  let decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted, 'hex', 'utf8');
  decrypted += decipher.final('utf8');
  
  return decrypted;
}

安全标头

import helmet from 'helmet';

app.use(helmet());
app.use(helmet.hsts({ maxAge: 31536000, includeSubDomains: true }));
app.use(helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
  directives: {
    defaultSrc: ["'self'"],
    scriptSrc: ["'self'", "'strict-dynamic'"],
    styleSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"],
    imgSrc: ["'self'", 'data:', 'https:'],
    connectSrc: ["'self'"],
    fontSrc: ["'self'"],
    objectSrc: ["'none'"],
    frameAncestors: ["'none'"],
  },
}));

A03：注入

SQL 注入防护

// ❌ BAD: String concatenation
const query = `SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '${email}'`;

// ✅ GOOD: Parameterized queries
// With Prisma
const user = await prisma.user.findUnique({ where: { email } });

// With raw SQL (parameterized)
const user = await db.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1', [email]);

// With Knex
const user = await knex('users').where({ email }).first();

NoSQL 注入防护

// ❌ BAD: Direct user input in query
const user = await User.findOne({ username: req.body.username });
// Attack: { "username": { "$gt": "" } } returns first user

// ✅ GOOD: Validate input type
import { z } from 'zod';

const loginSchema = z.object({
  username: z.string().min(3).max(50),
  password: z.string().min(8),
});

app.post('/login', async (req, res) => {
  const { username, password } = loginSchema.parse(req.body);
  const user = await User.findOne({ username: String(username) });
  // ...
});

命令注入防护

import { execFile } from 'child_process';

// ❌ BAD: Shell injection
exec(`convert ${userInput} output.png`);  // userInput: "; rm -rf /"

// ✅ GOOD: Use execFile with array args
execFile('convert', [userInput, 'output.png'], (error, stdout) => {
  // Safe - arguments are not shell-interpreted
});

// ✅ GOOD: Validate and sanitize
const allowedFormats = ['png', 'jpg', 'gif'];
if (!allowedFormats.includes(format)) {
  throw new Error('Invalid format');
}

A04：不安全设计

速率限制

import rateLimit from 'express-rate-limit';

// General rate limit
const limiter = rateLimit({
  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
  max: 100, // 100 requests per window
  standardHeaders: true,
  legacyHeaders: false,
});

// Strict limit for auth endpoints
const authLimiter = rateLimit({
  windowMs: 60 * 60 * 1000, // 1 hour
  max: 5, // 5 failed attempts
  skipSuccessfulRequests: true,
});

app.use('/api/', limiter);
app.use('/api/auth/', authLimiter);

输入验证

import { z } from 'zod';

const userSchema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
  password: z.string()
    .min(8)
    .regex(/[A-Z]/, 'Must contain uppercase')
    .regex(/[a-z]/, 'Must contain lowercase')
    .regex(/[0-9]/, 'Must contain number')
    .regex(/[^A-Za-z0-9]/, 'Must contain special character'),
  age: z.number().int().min(13).max(120),
  role: z.enum(['user', 'admin']).default('user'),
});

app.post('/api/users', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const data = userSchema.parse(req.body);
    // Validated data is safe to use
  } catch (error) {
    if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
      return res.status(400).json({ errors: error.errors });
    }
    throw error;
  }
});

A05：安全配置错误

环境配置

// ✅ Never expose stack traces in production
app.use((err: Error, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
  console.error(err.stack); // Log for debugging
  
  res.status(500).json({
    error: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' 
      ? 'Internal server error' 
      : err.message,
  });
});

// ✅ Disable sensitive headers
app.disable('x-powered-by');

// ✅ Secure cookie configuration
app.use(session({
  secret: process.env.SESSION_SECRET!,
  cookie: {
    secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',
    httpOnly: true,
    sameSite: 'strict',
    maxAge: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000, // 24 hours
  },
  resave: false,
  saveUninitialized: false,
}));

A06：易受攻击的组件

依赖项扫描

# Check for vulnerabilities
npm audit
npm audit fix

# Use Snyk for deeper scanning
npx snyk test
npx snyk monitor

# Keep dependencies updated
npx npm-check-updates -u

// package.json - Use exact versions or ranges
{
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.18.0",  // Minor updates OK
    "lodash": "4.17.21"    // Exact version
  },
  "overrides": {
    "vulnerable-package": "^2.0.0"  // Force safe version
  }
}

A07：身份验证失效

安全会话管理

import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';

// ✅ JWT with short expiry + refresh tokens
function generateTokens(userId: string) {
  const accessToken = jwt.sign(
    { userId },
    process.env.JWT_SECRET!,
    { expiresIn: '15m' }  // Short-lived
  );
  
  const refreshToken = jwt.sign(
    { userId, type: 'refresh' },
    process.env.JWT_REFRESH_SECRET!,
    { expiresIn: '7d' }
  );
  
  return { accessToken, refreshToken };
}

// ✅ Secure password reset
async function initiatePasswordReset(email: string) {
  const user = await db.users.findByEmail(email);
  if (!user) return; // Don't reveal if email exists
  
  const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex');
  const hashedToken = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(token).digest('hex');
  
  await db.passwordResets.create({
    userId: user.id,
    token: hashedToken,
    expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000), // 1 hour
  });
  
  await sendEmail(email, `Reset link: /reset?token=${token}`);
}

多因素身份验证

import { authenticator } from 'otplib';
import QRCode from 'qrcode';

// Setup TOTP
async function setupMFA(userId: string) {
  const secret = authenticator.generateSecret();
  const otpauth = authenticator.keyuri(userId, 'MyApp', secret);
  const qrCode = await QRCode.toDataURL(otpauth);
  
  await db.users.update(userId, { mfaSecret: encrypt(secret) });
  
  return { qrCode, secret };
}

// Verify TOTP
function verifyMFA(token: string, secret: string): boolean {
  return authenticator.verify({ token, secret });
}

A08：XSS 防护

// ✅ React auto-escapes by default
const UserProfile = ({ user }) => (
  <div>{user.name}</div>  // Safe - auto-escaped
);

// ⚠️ Dangerous - avoid if possible
<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: sanitizedHtml }} />

// ✅ Sanitize HTML if needed
import DOMPurify from 'dompurify';

const sanitizedHtml = DOMPurify.sanitize(userHtml, {
  ALLOWED_TAGS: ['b', 'i', 'em', 'strong', 'a'],
  ALLOWED_ATTR: ['href'],
});

// ✅ Content Security Policy
app.use(helmet.contentSecurityPolicy({
  directives: {
    scriptSrc: ["'self'"],  // No inline scripts
    styleSrc: ["'self'", "'unsafe-inline'"],
  },
}));

A09：日志记录与监控

import winston from 'winston';

const logger = winston.createLogger({
  level: 'info',
  format: winston.format.combine(
    winston.format.timestamp(),
    winston.format.json()
  ),
  transports: [
    new winston.transports.File({ filename: 'error.log', level: 'error' }),
    new winston.transports.File({ filename: 'combined.log' }),
  ],
});

// ✅ Log security events
function logSecurityEvent(event: string, details: object) {
  logger.warn({
    type: 'security',
    event,
    ...details,
    timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
  });
}

// Usage
logSecurityEvent('failed_login', { email, ip: req.ip, userAgent: req.headers['user-agent'] });
logSecurityEvent('access_denied', { userId, resource, action });
logSecurityEvent('suspicious_activity', { userId, pattern: 'rapid_requests' });

A10：SSRF 防护

import { URL } from 'url';

// ✅ Validate URLs against allowlist
const ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['api.example.com', 'cdn.example.com'];

function isAllowedUrl(urlString: string): boolean {
  try {
    const url = new URL(urlString);
    
    // Block private IPs
    const privatePatterns = [
      /^localhost$/i,
      /^127\./,
      /^10\./,
      /^172\.(1[6-9]|2[0-9]|3[01])\./,
      /^192\.168\./,
      /^0\./,
      /^169\.254\./,  // Link-local
    ];
    
    if (privatePatterns.some(p => p.test(url.hostname))) {
      return false;
    }
    
    // Check allowlist
    return ALLOWED_HOSTS.includes(url.hostname);
  } catch {
    return false;
  }
}

app.post('/api/fetch-url', async (req, res) => {
  const { url } = req.body;
  
  if (!isAllowedUrl(url)) {
    return res.status(400).json({ error: 'URL not allowed' });
  }
  
  const response = await fetch(url);
  // ...
});

安全检查清单

## Pre-Deployment Checklist

### Authentication
- [ ] Passwords hashed with bcrypt (cost ≥ 12)
- [ ] JWT tokens have short expiry
- [ ] Session cookies are httpOnly, secure, sameSite
- [ ] Rate limiting on auth endpoints

### Authorization
- [ ] All endpoints have auth checks
- [ ] RBAC implemented correctly
- [ ] No IDOR vulnerabilities

### Input/Output
- [ ] All input validated with Zod/Joi
- [ ] SQL queries parameterized
- [ ] XSS prevented (CSP, escaping)
- [ ] File uploads validated and sandboxed

### Infrastructure
- [ ] HTTPS enforced
- [ ] Security headers configured
- [ ] Dependencies audited
- [ ] Secrets in environment variables

### Monitoring
- [ ] Security events logged
- [ ] Error monitoring enabled
- [ ] Alerts configured

资源

• OWASP Top 10：https://owasp.org/Top10/
• OWASP Cheat Sheets：https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/
• Node.js Security：https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/security/
• Snyk：https://snyk.io/