security-django

针对 Django 应用的安全审计模式，涵盖关键设置、安全中间件、CSRF 保护和常见漏洞。

关键设置（settings.py）

SECRET_KEY

# ❌ CRITICAL: Hardcoded or committed
SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-abc123...'
SECRET_KEY = 'my-super-secret-key'

# ✓ From environment
import os
SECRET_KEY = os.environ['DJANGO_SECRET_KEY']

# ✓ Or use django-environ
import environ
env = environ.Env()
SECRET_KEY = env('SECRET_KEY')

检查： SECRET_KEY 是否存放在 .env 中，且 .env 是否已加入 .gitignore？

DEBUG

# ❌ CRITICAL: Debug in production
DEBUG = True  # Exposes full stack traces, settings, SQL queries

# ✓ Environment-controlled
DEBUG = os.environ.get('DEBUG', 'False').lower() == 'true'

ALLOWED_HOSTS

# ❌ CRITICAL: Accept any host
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']

# ❌ HIGH: Empty in production (500 errors, but still bad)
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []

# ✓ Explicit hosts
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['example.com', 'www.example.com']

安全中间件

必需的中间件

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',  # MUST be first!
    # ...
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

检查： 是否包含 SecurityMiddleware，且位于靠前的位置？

安全中间件设置

# ✓ Enable these in production
SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True  # Deprecated but harmless
SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000  # 1 year
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True  # Force HTTPS
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True

CSRF 保护

禁用 CSRF（严重）

# ❌ CRITICAL: Globally disabled
MIDDLEWARE = [
    # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',  # Commented out!
]

# ❌ HIGH: Decorator abuse
@csrf_exempt
def payment_webhook(request):  # MAY be OK for webhooks with other auth
    ...

@csrf_exempt
def update_profile(request):  # MUST NOT do this!
    ...

审计： 搜索 @csrf_exempt，每处都需要有合理说明。

CSRF 可信来源（Django 4.0+）

# ❌ Too permissive
CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://*']

# ✓ Explicit
CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://example.com', 'https://admin.example.com']

常见漏洞

SQL 注入

# ❌ Raw SQL with string formatting
User.objects.raw(f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = {user_id}")
cursor.execute(f"DELETE FROM logs WHERE date < '{date}'")

# ✓ Parameterized
User.objects.raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", [user_id])
cursor.execute("DELETE FROM logs WHERE date < %s", [date])

# ✓ ORM (safe by default)
User.objects.filter(id=user_id)

命令注入

# ❌ User input in subprocess
import subprocess
subprocess.run(f"convert {user_filename} output.png", shell=True)
os.system(f"process {user_input}")

# ✓ Use arrays, avoid shell=True
subprocess.run(["convert", user_filename, "output.png"])

路径遍历

# ❌ User-controlled path
def download(request, filename):
    return FileResponse(open(f'uploads/{filename}', 'rb'))

# ✓ Validate path
import os
def download(request, filename):
    safe_name = os.path.basename(filename)
    filepath = os.path.join(settings.UPLOAD_DIR, safe_name)
    if not filepath.startswith(settings.UPLOAD_DIR):
        raise Http404()
    return FileResponse(open(filepath, 'rb'))

IDOR（不安全的直接对象引用）

# ❌ No ownership check
class DocumentView(View):
    def get(self, request, doc_id):
        doc = Document.objects.get(id=doc_id)
        return JsonResponse(doc.to_dict())

# ✓ Check ownership
class DocumentView(LoginRequiredMixin, View):
    def get(self, request, doc_id):
        doc = Document.objects.get(id=doc_id, owner=request.user)
        return JsonResponse(doc.to_dict())

缺少身份验证装饰器

# ❌ No auth required
def admin_dashboard(request):
    return render(request, 'admin/dashboard.html', {'users': User.objects.all()})

# ✓ Auth required
@login_required
@user_passes_test(lambda u: u.is_staff)
def admin_dashboard(request):
    ...

Django REST Framework

# Check DRF settings
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
        # ❌ SessionAuth without CSRF = vulnerable
        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
        # ❌ Allow any by default
        'rest_framework.permissions.AllowAny',
        # ✓ Require auth by default
        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',
    ],
}

快速审计命令

# Check critical settings
rg "(SECRET_KEY|DEBUG|ALLOWED_HOSTS)" settings*.py

# Find csrf_exempt usage
rg "@csrf_exempt" . -g "*.py"

# Django deployment checklist (high signal)
python manage.py check --deploy

# Find raw SQL
rg "\.raw\(|cursor\.execute\(" . -g "*.py" -A 1

# Find subprocess/os.system
rg "(subprocess\.|os\.system|os\.popen)" . -g "*.py"

# Check for missing login_required
rg "^def " views.py | head -20  # Then check which have decorators

# Find shell=True
rg "shell\s*=\s*True" . -g "*.py"

加固检查清单

• SECRET_KEY 来自环境变量，而非硬编码
• 生产环境中 DEBUG = False
• 明确设置 ALLOWED_HOSTS（不使用通配符）
• 已启用并配置 SecurityMiddleware
• 已启用 CSRF 中间件
• SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
• SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
• CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
• 没有未经合理说明的 @csrf_exempt
• 所有视图都具有适当的身份验证装饰器
• 没有使用字符串格式化的原始 SQL
• DRF 将 IsAuthenticated 设为默认权限