windows-server

Windows Server 管理

面向生产工作负载的 Windows Server 管理与 PowerShell 自动化，包括 IIS Web 托管、Active Directory 域服务和系统维护。

适用场景

• 预配或配置 Windows Server 2019/2022 实例
• 设置 IIS 网站、应用程序池和绑定
• 管理 Active Directory 用户、组和组策略
• 使用 PowerShell 自动执行管理任务
• 查看 Windows 事件日志以排查问题
• 在服务器上应用和管理 Windows 更新

前提条件

• 目标服务器上的管理员帐户
• 已内置 PowerShell 5.1+ 或已安装 PowerShell 7+
• 已配置远程桌面或 WinRM 访问
• Windows Server 2019 或 2022（桌面体验或 Server Core）

PowerShell 管理基础

# Check PowerShell version
$PSVersionTable.PSVersion

# Get system information
Get-ComputerInfo | Select-Object CsName, OsName, OsVersion, OsArchitecture

# List running processes sorted by CPU
Get-Process | Sort-Object CPU -Descending | Select-Object -First 20

# List all services and their status
Get-Service | Where-Object { $_.Status -eq 'Running' }

# Restart a service
Restart-Service -Name W3SVC -Force

# Get disk space on all drives
Get-PSDrive -PSProvider FileSystem | Select-Object Name, @{N='Used(GB)';E={[math]::Round($_.Used/1GB,2)}}, @{N='Free(GB)';E={[math]::Round($_.Free/1GB,2)}}

# Check uptime
(Get-Date) - (Get-CimInstance Win32_OperatingSystem).LastBootUpTime

# Open firewall port
New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName "Allow HTTPS" -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -LocalPort 443 -Action Allow

# List firewall rules
Get-NetFirewallRule | Where-Object { $_.Enabled -eq 'True' -and $_.Direction -eq 'Inbound' } | Select-Object DisplayName, Action

# Set DNS client server addresses
Set-DnsClientServerAddress -InterfaceAlias "Ethernet" -ServerAddresses ("10.0.0.2","10.0.0.3")

# PowerShell remoting to another server
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName server02 -Credential (Get-Credential)

# Run a command on multiple remote servers
Invoke-Command -ComputerName server01,server02,server03 -ScriptBlock { Get-Service W3SVC }

服务器角色和功能

# List all available roles and features
Get-WindowsFeature

# Install IIS with management tools
Install-WindowsFeature -Name Web-Server -IncludeManagementTools -IncludeAllSubFeature

# Install Active Directory Domain Services
Install-WindowsFeature -Name AD-Domain-Services -IncludeManagementTools

# Install DNS Server
Install-WindowsFeature -Name DNS -IncludeManagementTools

# Install DHCP Server
Install-WindowsFeature -Name DHCP -IncludeManagementTools

# Install File Server with deduplication
Install-WindowsFeature -Name FS-FileServer, FS-Data-Deduplication

# List installed features only
Get-WindowsFeature | Where-Object Installed | Select-Object Name, InstallState

# Remove a feature
Uninstall-WindowsFeature -Name Telnet-Client

IIS Web 服务器设置

# Import the IIS administration module
Import-Module WebAdministration

# Create a new application pool
New-WebAppPool -Name "ProductionPool"
Set-ItemProperty IIS:\AppPools\ProductionPool -Name processModel.identityType -Value 3  # NetworkService
Set-ItemProperty IIS:\AppPools\ProductionPool -Name managedRuntimeVersion -Value ""     # No managed code (reverse proxy)

# Create a new website
New-Website -Name "MyApp" `
  -Port 443 `
  -Protocol https `
  -PhysicalPath "C:\inetpub\myapp" `
  -ApplicationPool "ProductionPool" `
  -SslFlags 1

# Add an HTTP binding that redirects to HTTPS
New-WebBinding -Name "MyApp" -Protocol http -Port 80

# Bind an SSL certificate to the HTTPS site
$cert = Get-ChildItem -Path Cert:\LocalMachine\My | Where-Object { $_.Subject -like "*example.com*" }
New-Item IIS:\SslBindings\0.0.0.0!443 -Value $cert

# Create a virtual directory
New-WebVirtualDirectory -Site "MyApp" -Name "static" -PhysicalPath "C:\inetpub\static"

# Start, stop, and restart a site
Start-Website -Name "MyApp"
Stop-Website  -Name "MyApp"
Restart-WebAppPool -Name "ProductionPool"

# List all websites and their state
Get-Website | Select-Object Name, State, PhysicalPath, @{N='Bindings';E={$_.Bindings.Collection.bindingInformation}}

# Enable IIS logging with W3C format
Set-WebConfigurationProperty -PSPath "IIS:\Sites\MyApp" `
  -Filter "system.webServer/httpLogging" `
  -Name "dontLog" -Value $false

# URL Rewrite: redirect HTTP to HTTPS (requires URL Rewrite module)
# web.config rule:
@'
<rule name="HTTP to HTTPS" stopProcessing="true">
  <match url="(.*)" />
  <conditions>
    <add input="{HTTPS}" pattern="off" />
  </conditions>
  <action type="Redirect" url="https://{HTTP_HOST}/{R:1}" redirectType="Permanent" />
</rule>
'@

Active Directory 基础知识

# Promote server to a new domain controller in a new forest
Install-ADDSForest `
  -DomainName "corp.example.com" `
  -DomainNetBIOSName "CORP" `
  -InstallDns:$true `
  -SafeModeAdministratorPassword (ConvertTo-SecureString "P@ssw0rd!" -AsPlainText -Force) `
  -Force:$true

# Create an Organizational Unit
New-ADOrganizationalUnit -Name "Engineering" -Path "DC=corp,DC=example,DC=com"

# Create a new AD user
New-ADUser -Name "Jane Smith" `
  -SamAccountName "jsmith" `
  -UserPrincipalName "[email protected]" `
  -Path "OU=Engineering,DC=corp,DC=example,DC=com" `
  -AccountPassword (ConvertTo-SecureString "TempP@ss1" -AsPlainText -Force) `
  -Enabled $true `
  -ChangePasswordAtLogon $true

# Add user to a group
Add-ADGroupMember -Identity "Domain Admins" -Members "jsmith"

# Search for users in an OU
Get-ADUser -Filter * -SearchBase "OU=Engineering,DC=corp,DC=example,DC=com" | Select-Object Name, SamAccountName, Enabled

# Disable a user account
Disable-ADAccount -Identity "jsmith"

# Unlock a locked-out account
Unlock-ADAccount -Identity "jsmith"

# Reset a user password
Set-ADAccountPassword -Identity "jsmith" -Reset -NewPassword (ConvertTo-SecureString "NewP@ss1" -AsPlainText -Force)

# List all domain controllers
Get-ADDomainController -Filter * | Select-Object Name, IPv4Address, Site

# Check AD replication status
Get-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata -Target "dc01.corp.example.com"
repadmin /replsummary

Windows 更新管理

# Install the PSWindowsUpdate module (from PowerShell Gallery)
Install-Module -Name PSWindowsUpdate -Force

# Check for available updates
Get-WindowsUpdate

# Install all available updates (auto-reboot if needed)
Install-WindowsUpdate -AcceptAll -AutoReboot

# Install only critical and security updates
Install-WindowsUpdate -Category "Security Updates","Critical Updates" -AcceptAll

# View update history
Get-WUHistory | Select-Object -First 20 Title, Date, Result

# Schedule monthly patching via Task Scheduler
$action  = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "powershell.exe" `
  -Argument "-NoProfile -Command Install-WindowsUpdate -AcceptAll -AutoReboot"
$trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -Weekly -DaysOfWeek Sunday -At 2am
Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName "MonthlyPatching" -Action $action -Trigger $trigger -User "SYSTEM" -RunLevel Highest

# WSUS configuration via Group Policy (registry keys)
# HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate
# WUServer = http://wsus.corp.example.com:8530
# WUStatusServer = http://wsus.corp.example.com:8530

事件日志分析

# View the 50 most recent System log errors
Get-EventLog -LogName System -EntryType Error -Newest 50

# Search for specific event IDs (e.g., unexpected shutdowns = 6008)
Get-EventLog -LogName System -InstanceId 6008

# Use Get-WinEvent for advanced filtering (newer cmdlet)
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
    LogName   = 'Application'
    Level     = 2   # Error
    StartTime = (Get-Date).AddDays(-1)
} | Select-Object TimeCreated, Id, Message -First 20

# Search Security log for failed logons (Event ID 4625)
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{
    LogName = 'Security'
    Id      = 4625
} | Select-Object TimeCreated, @{N='Account';E={$_.Properties[5].Value}}, @{N='Source';E={$_.Properties[19].Value}} -First 30

# Export events to CSV for analysis
Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{ LogName='System'; Level=1,2 } |
  Export-Csv -Path C:\Logs\system-errors.csv -NoTypeInformation

# Clear old event log entries (use cautiously)
Clear-EventLog -LogName Application

# Set maximum log size
Limit-EventLog -LogName Application -MaximumSize 512MB -OverflowAction OverwriteAsNeeded

计划任务

# Create a scheduled task to run a script daily at 3 AM
$action  = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "powershell.exe" `
  -Argument "-NoProfile -File C:\Scripts\daily-maintenance.ps1"
$trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -Daily -At 3am
$settings = New-ScheduledTaskSettingsSet -StartWhenAvailable -DontStopOnIdleEnd
Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName "DailyMaintenance" -Action $action -Trigger $trigger -Settings $settings -User "SYSTEM"

# List all scheduled tasks
Get-ScheduledTask | Where-Object { $_.State -ne 'Disabled' } | Select-Object TaskName, State, TaskPath

# Run a task immediately
Start-ScheduledTask -TaskName "DailyMaintenance"

# Disable and remove a task
Disable-ScheduledTask -TaskName "DailyMaintenance"
Unregister-ScheduledTask -TaskName "DailyMaintenance" -Confirm:$false

故障排查

症状	诊断命令	常见修复方法
IIS 站点返回 503	Get-WebAppPoolState	重启应用程序池；检查事件日志以查找崩溃记录
服务器 CPU 使用率过高	Get-Process | Sort CPU -Desc	确定进程；检查是否存在失控的 w3wp 或服务
磁盘空间不足	Get-PSDrive -PSProvider FileSystem	清理临时文件、IIS 日志和 Windows 更新缓存
AD 帐户被锁定	Search-ADAccount -LockedOut	Unlock-ADAccount；在安全日志中查找锁定来源
Windows 更新失败	Get-WindowsUpdate -Verbose	运行 sfc /scannow，重置更新组件
服务无法启动	Get-EventLog -LogName System -Newest 20	检查依赖项、凭据和端口冲突
RDP 连接被拒绝	Get-ItemProperty 'HKLM:\System\...\Terminal Server'	确保已启用 RDP，且防火墙允许端口 3389
DNS 解析失败	Resolve-DnsName example.com	检查 DNS 服务器设置和转发器配置

相关技能

• linux-administration -- 跨平台比较与混合管理
• ssh-configuration -- Windows OpenSSH Server 的 SSH 访问
• user-management -- Linux 用户/组管理的相关概念
• systemd-services -- Windows 服务和任务计划程序的 Linux 对应项
• performance-tuning -- 性能监控与优化模式