foia-requests

FOIA と公文書の開示請求

情報公開法に基づいて政府記録を取得するためのワークフローとテンプレートです。

FOIA の概要

管轄の概要

レベル	法律	対象範囲
連邦	情報公開法（5 U.S.C. § 552）	連邦行政機関
州	州によって異なります（例：ニュージャージー州の OPRA、ニューヨーク州の FOIL）	州および地方機関
地方	多くの場合、州法の対象です	市町村、郡、教育委員会

連邦法における主な適用除外（米国連邦 FOIA）

## The 9 federal FOIA exemptions

1. **National security** - Classified information
2. **Internal personnel rules** - Agency housekeeping matters
3. **Statutory exemptions** - Other laws prohibit disclosure
4. **Trade secrets** - Confidential business information
5. **Inter/intra-agency memos** - Deliberative process privilege
6. **Personal privacy** - Personnel, medical files
7. **Law enforcement** - Could interfere with proceedings
8. **Financial institutions** - Bank examination reports
9. **Geological data** - Oil and gas well information

Note: Agencies must segregate and release non-exempt portions

州の公文書法

全50州で、特定の政府記録を一般に公開することを義務付ける法律が制定されています。

州ごとのリソース

### State public records resources

#### Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
- Open Government Guide: rcfp.org/open-government-guide
- State-by-state analysis of public records laws
- Sample request letters by state

#### National Freedom of Information Coalition
- nfoic.org/state-freedom-of-information-laws
- State FOI organization contacts
- Training and resources

#### MuckRock
- muckrock.com
- File requests through platform
- Search previous requests/responses
- Agency response time data

州法における一般的な適用除外

州議会には、他の統治機関とは異なる規則が適用される場合があります。

1. 公文書法の対象外（例：マサチューセッツ州、オクラホマ州、オレゴン州、ワイオミング州）
2. 公的機関の定義から除外（例：ジョージア州、ミネソタ州）
3. 別の法律の対象（例：カリフォルニア州）
4. 独自の方針を定めることが認められている（例：ミシシッピ州、ニューヨーク州）

州によっては、権力分立の原則により、裁判所が議会に対して公文書法を執行することはできないとする裁判所の判決や司法長官の見解があります。

州別の参考情報

州	公開記録法	立法府の適用除外／注記
Alabama	AL Code § 36-12-40 et seq.	AL Code § 29-6-7.1 立法府の機密通信
Alaska	AK Stat. § 40.25.110	AK Stat. § 24.20.100 調査および起草サービスは機密
Arizona	AZ Rev. Stat. § 39-121.01	AZ Rev. Stat. § 41-1279.05 監査総監の機密記録
Arkansas	AR Code Ann. § 25-19-101 et seq.	AR Code Ann. § 10-2-129; § 10-4-422; § 25-19-105(b)(7)
California	CA Govt. Code § 7920 et seq.	CA Govt. Code § 9070 et seq. 立法府公開記録法
Colorado	CO Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-72-200 et seq.	CO Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-72-202(6); § 2-3-505(2)
Connecticut	CT Gen. Stat. § 1-200 et seq.	CT Gen. Stat. § 1-210(b)(19); § 52-146r
Delaware	29 Del. Laws, c. 100 § 10001 et seq.	§ 10002(o)(16 & 19) 適用除外記録；総会のメール
Florida	FL Stat. § 119.01 et seq.	FL Stat. § 11.0431(2); § 11.26; § 15.07
Georgia	O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70 et seq.	定義に州議会は含まれない
Hawaii	HI Rev. Stat. § 92F-1 et seq.	HI Rev. Stat. § 84-12; § 92F-13(5); § 23G-4
Idaho	ID Stat. § 74-101 et seq.	ID Stat. § 74-109 法案は適用除外
Illinois	5 ILCS 140/1	5 ILCS 140/7(1)(f) 立法文書は適用除外
Indiana	IN Code § 5-14-3-1 et seq.	IN Code § 5-14-3-4(b)(13) & (14) 職員の業務成果物は適用除外
Iowa	IA Code § 22.1 et seq.	IA Code § 2A.1(3); § 23.12
Kansas	K.S.A. § 45-215 et seq.	K.S.A. § 45-217(l)(3)(B); § 45-221(a)(20)-(22)
Kentucky	KRS § 61.870 et seq.	KRS § 7.117; § 7.119; § 7.120
Louisiana	LA Rev. Stat. § 44:1 et seq.	LA Rev. Stat. § 44:4(6); § 44:4.1; § 44:2
Maine	ME Rev. Stat. Tit. 1 § 400 et seq.	ME Rev. Stat. Tit. 1 § 402(3)(C) 立法府の例外
Maryland	MD General Provisions Code § 4-101 et seq.	MD State Govt. Code § 2–1226
Massachusetts	MA Gen. Laws Ch. 66 § 1 et seq.	Ch. 66 § 18 州議会は適用除外
Michigan	MI Comp. Laws § 15.231	MI Comp. Laws § 4.1109 立法サービス局の守秘義務
Minnesota	MN Stat. § 13.03	MN Stat. § 3C.05; § 10.46; § 3.098
Mississippi	MS Code Ann. § 25-61-1 et seq.	MS Code Ann. § 25-61-17 州議会が独自の記録を規制
Missouri	MO Rev. Stat. § 610.010 et seq.	MO Rev. Stat. § 610.010(6); § 610.021
Montana	MT Code Ann. § 2-6-1001 et seq.	該当なし
Nebraska	NE Rev. Stat. § 84-712 et seq.	NE Rev. Stat. § 84-712.05(14)
Nevada	NV Rev. Stat. § 239.001 et seq.	NV Rev. Stat. § 41.071; § 218F.150
New Hampshire	NH Rev. Stat. § 91-A:1 et seq.	NH Rev. Stat. § 91-A:5(IX)
New Jersey	NJ Rev. Stat. § 47:1A-1 et seq.	NJ Rev. Stat. § 47:1A-1.1; § 52:13D-22(d)
New Mexico	NM Stat. § 14-2-1 et seq.	NM Stat. § 2-3-13 サービスは機密
New York	NY PBO Article 6 § 84 et seq.	NY PBO Article 6 § 88; Article 4 § 74(c)
North Carolina	NC G.S. § 132-1 et seq.	NC G.S. § 120 et seq. 通信の機密性
North Dakota	ND Cent. Code § 44-04-18 et seq.	ND Cent. Code § 44-04-18.6
Ohio	OH Rev. Code § 149.43	OH Rev. Code § 101.30 職員の守秘義務
Oklahoma	OK Stat. Tit. 51 § 24A.1 et seq.	OORA において州議会は公的機関ではない
Oregon	ORS § 192.001 et seq.	ORS § 192.311(6); § 192.355; § 171.405
Pennsylvania	65 Pa. Stat. § 67.101 et seq.	101 Pa. Code § 3.6
Rhode Island	R.I. Gen. Laws § 38-2-1 et seq.	R.I. Gen. Laws § 38-2-2(4)(K & M)
South Carolina	SC Code § 30-4-10 et seq.	SC Code § 30-4-40(a)(7 & 8)
South Dakota	SD Cod. Laws § 1-27-1 et seq.	SD Cod. Laws § 1-27-1.5(12 & 19); § 19-19-508
Tennessee	Tenn. Code Ann. § 10-7-503 et seq.	Tenn. Code Ann. § 3-12-105; § 3-12-106
Texas	TX Stat. Gov. Code § 552.001 et seq.	§ 306.003; § 323.017-018; § 325.0195; § 552.106; § 552.111; § 552.146
Utah	UT Code § 63G-2-101	UT Code § 63G-2-305(19-22); § 63G-2-703; § 63G-2-208
Vermont	1 V.S.A. § 315 et seq.	2 V.S.A. 403(b)(1) 立法評議会への依頼は機密
Virginia	VA Code § 2.2-3700 et seq.	VA Code § 30-28.18; § 2.2-3705.7(2)
Washington	RCW 42.56	RCW 1.08.027; RCW 40.14.180; RCW 42.56.280
West Virginia	WV Code § 29B	WV Code § 4-1A-6; § 4-1A-7; § 4-1A-12
Wisconsin	WI Stat. § 19.21 et seq.	WI Stat. § 13.91 et seq.; § 16.61(2)(b)(1)
Wyoming	WY Stat. Ann. § 16-4-201 et seq.	WY Stat. Ann. § 28-8-116
出典：全米州議会議員連盟（National Conference of State Legislatures）、2025年4月更新

ニュージャージー州OPRAの改正（P.L. 2024, c. 16）、2024年9月3日施行

上院法案S2930（2024年6月5日署名、2024年9月3日施行）により、ニュージャージー州の公開記録法が5つの点で改正され、記録請求がより難しくなりました。

• 弁護士費用の負担制度が弱体化。 請求者が勝訴しても、裁判所が機関による開示拒否を悪意、または認識したうえで故意に行ったと認定した場合に限り、弁護士費用を受け取れるようになりました。以前は、請求者は訴訟で勝訴すれば、ほとんどの場合に費用を受け取る権利がありました。
• 匿名の請求者は当事者適格を失います。 請求者は氏名と住所を明らかにする必要があり、機関は匿名の請求を拒否できます。
• 期限の段階区分が導入。 標準の7営業日の回答期間は維持されていますが、「大量」または「複雑」な請求については、機関が定められた基準のもとで期限を延長でき、特定の商業目的の請求を別途扱う場合もあります。
• 特別サービス料が推定されます。 機関は、より容易に特別なサービス料金を課せるようになりました。大量のデータ抽出、一括記録、またはプログラムによる回答を求める請求では、標準的なコピー料金を超えるサービス料金が妥当と推定されます。
• 機関は請求者を訴えることができます。 公的機関には、機関が嫌がらせ、反復、または悪意によるものとみなす請求を行った請求者に対して、差し止めによる救済を求める新たな権限が与えられました。

ジャーナリストへの実務上の影響：署名と所属メディアを明記して請求してください（匿名での請求はリスクが高くなりました）。「大量」扱いを避けるため、請求範囲を絞り込んでください。弁護士費用の負担による保護が弱まったため、公共の利益にかなう理由をあらかじめ記録してください。

出典：ニュージャージー州P.L. 2024, c. 16（S2930）；New Jersey Press Associationによる報道；Lowenstein Sandlerの顧客向けアドバイザリー；HealthLaw Advisorによる分析；Chasan Lamparello Mallon & Cappuzzoによる概要。

効果的な請求の作成

請求テンプレート（連邦FOIA）

[NAMES]
[ADDRESS]
[CITY],[STATE] [ZIPCODE]
[EMAIL]
[PHONE]

[DATE]

FOIA Officer
[AGENCY]
[AGENCY_ADDRESS]

[STATUTE] Request

Dear FOIA Officer:

My name is [NAME] and I am a [TITLE] for [OUTLET]. Pursuant to the [STATUTE], I am writing to request the following:

- [RECORDS_REQUESTED1] between [START_DATE] to [END_DATE] from [SPECIFIC_OFFICES] including the following words/phrases [KEYWORD1], [KEYWORD2], [KEYWORD3], [KEYWORD4] 
- [RECORDS_REQUESTED2] between [START_DATE] to [END_DATE] from [SPECIFIC_OFFICES] including the following words/phrases [KEYWORD1], [KEYWORD2], [KEYWORD3], [KEYWORD4] 
- [RECORDS_REQUESTED3] between [START_DATE] to [END_DATE] from [SPECIFIC_OFFICES] including the following words/phrases [KEYWORD1], [KEYWORD2], [KEYWORD3], [KEYWORD4] 

**INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING SEARCH:**
1. Instructions Regarding "Leads":
As required by the relevant case law, [AGENCY] should follow any leads it discovers during the conduct of its searches and perform additional searches when said leads indicate that records may be located in another system. Failure to follow clear leads is a violation of [STATUTE].

2. Request for Public Records:
Please search for any records even if they are already publicly available.

3. Request Regarding Attachments, Photographs and Other Visual Materials:
I request that any photographs or other visual materials responsive to my request be released to me in their original or comparable forms, quality and resolution. For example, if a photograph was taken digitally, or if [AGENCY] maintains a photograph digitally, I request disclosure of the original digital image file, not a reduced resolution version of that image file nor a printout and scan of that image file.

Likewise, if a photograph was originally taken as a color photograph, I request disclosure of that photograph as a color image, not a black and white image. 

For video and audio files I request that they be provided in their complete, original and unedited format. 

Please contact me at the number or email listed below for any clarification on these points.

4. Request for Duplicate Pages:
l request disclosure of any and all supposedly "duplicate" pages. Scholars analyze records not only for the information available on any given page, but also for the relationships between that information and information on pages surrounding it. As such, though certain pages may have been previously released to me, the existence of those pages within new context renders them functionally new pages. As such, the only way to properly analyze released information is to analyze that information within its proper context. Therefore, I request disclosure of all "duplicate" pages.

5. Request for Search of Records Transferred to Other Agencies:
I request that in conducting its search, [AGENCY] should disclose releasable records even if they are available publicly through other sources outside the [AGENCY] office. If [AGENCY] is unable to do so, it should disclose where specifically the relevant records are available.

6. Regarding Destroyed Records
If any records responsive or potentially responsive to my request have been destroyed, my request includes, but is not limited to, any and all records relating or referring to the destruction of those records. This includes, but is not limited to, any and all records relating or referring to the events leading to the destruction of those records.

INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING SCOPE AND BREADTH OF REQUESTS
Please interpret the scope of this request broadly. [AGENCY] is instructed to interpret the scope of this request in the most liberal manner possible short of an interpretation that would lead to a conclusion that the request does not reasonably describe the records sought.

EXEMPTIONS AND SEGREGABILITY

The FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 codified a foreseeable-harm standard at 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A). An agency may withhold information only if it (i) reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected by an exemption, or (ii) disclosure is prohibited by law. Embarrassment to officials, the possibility that disclosure might reveal errors or failures, and speculative or abstract fears are not legitimate grounds for withholding.

Even where an exemption properly applies to part of a record, the statute requires the agency to release all reasonably segregable non-exempt portions. If documents are denied in part or in whole, please specify which exemption(s) is (are) claimed for each passage or whole document denied. 

Please provide a complete itemized inventory and a detailed factual justification of total or partial denial of documents. Specify the number of pages in each document and the total number of pages pertaining to this request. For "classified" material denied, please include the following
information: the classification (confidential, secret or top secret); identity of the classifier; date or event for automatic declassification or classification review or downgrading; if applicable, identity of official authorizing extension of automatic declassification or review past six years; and, if applicable, the reason for extended classification beyond six years.

In excising material, please "black out" the material rather than "white out" or "cut out." I expect, as provided by FOIA, that the remaining non-exempt portions of documents will be released.

Please release all pages regardless of the extent of excising, even if all that remains are the letterhead, page numbers, or administrative markings.

In addition, I ask that your agency exercise its discretion to release records which may be technically exempt, but where withholding serves no important public interest.


**Format requested:**
I request that any releases stemming from this request be provided to me in its original digital format (soft-copy), ideally through an online file transfer or digital portal system. Should this be impossible, material may be provided on a compact disk, flash drive, hard drive or other like media.

I request that you provide records as they become available, rather than all at once.

Please produce all records with administrative markings and pagination included.

Please send a memo (copy to me) to the appropriate units in your office to assure that no records related to this request are destroyed. Please advise of any destruction of records and include the date of and authority for such destruction.


**Fee waiver request (for U.S. federal FOIA):**
I am a [JOB_TITLE] for [CURRENT_OUTLET], covering [BEAT/TOPIC]. My reporting has appeared in [PRIOR_OUTLETS].

I request a waiver of all fees pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii), which provides that documents shall be furnished without charge "if disclosure of the information is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester."

The records I have requested meet that standard. They bear directly on [SPECIFIC_GOVERNMENT_OPERATION], a matter of public concern. I have the intent and ability to disseminate this information to a meaningful audience through [PUBLICATION_CHANNEL]. My request is non-commercial; I will not resell the records or use them primarily for private gain. *See Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Rossotti*, 326 F.3d 1309, 1312 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (Congress amended FOIA to ensure that fee-waiver provisions are "liberally construed in favor of waivers for noncommercial requesters"). I incorporate by reference the explanation in the sections above.

Should the fee waiver be denied, I request to be categorized as a representative of the news media for fee purposes pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii)(II). The statute defines a representative of the news media as "any person or entity that gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public, uses its editorial skills to turn the raw materials into a distinct work, and distributes that work to an audience", a definition derived from the holding in *Nat'l Sec. Archive v. Dep't of Def.*, 880 F.2d 1387 (D.C. Cir. 1989). I qualify under this definition because I [DESCRIBE_REPORTING_PROCESS_AND_AUDIENCE].

If both the fee waiver and the news-media classification are denied, please provide an itemized estimate of charges in writing before processing further. I am willing to pay reasonable charges up to $[AMOUNT] only if such a denial is final.

I will appeal any denial of the fee waiver administratively and, if necessary, in court.

**Expedited processing request (if applicable):**
I request expedited processing because:
- [Urgent need to inform the public about actual or alleged government activity]
- [Imminent threat to life or physical safety]

As a reminder, [TIME_LIMIT_STATUTE] requires a response within [DAYS_NUMBER] days.

**Contact information:**
Please do not hesitate to contact me at [EMAIL] or [PHONE] if you have questions or need clarification about this request.

Thank you. I appreciate your time and attention to this matter.

Sincerely,
[Your Name]

*Template Source: [Jason Leopold](https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/FOIA/DF_2023_00079_15_Oldest_Appeal_FOIA_Cases_cont.pdf)*

請求書作成のベストプラクティス

## Effective request strategies

### Be specific but not too narrow
BAD: "All documents about climate change"
BAD: "The email from John Smith on March 15, 2024 at 2:47 PM"
GOOD: "Emails between [Office] and [External Party] regarding [Topic] from [Date Range]"

### Use agency terminology
- Research how agency categorizes information
- Use their document type names (memos, briefings, reports)
- Reference specific programs or initiatives by official name
- Include relevant file numbers if known

### Define your terms
- Specify what you mean by "communications" (emails, texts, calls?)
- Define "records" (include drafts? attachments?)
- Clarify "regarding" vs "mentioning" vs "primarily about"

### Request specific record types
- Emails and email attachments
- Text messages and messaging apps
- Printed Correspondence (letters, faxes)
- Calendar entries and meeting invites
- Memoranda, briefing papers and presentations
- Contracts, purchase orders and invoices
- Meeting minutes and notes
- Policies and procedures
- Databases and datasets; schema for databases/datasets

請求の追跡と管理

請求追跡システム

from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import date, timedelta
from enum import Enum
from typing import Optional

import holidays  # pip install holidays

class RequestStatus(Enum):
    DRAFTED = "drafted"
    SUBMITTED = "submitted"
    ACKNOWLEDGED = "acknowledged"
    PROCESSING = "processing"
    PARTIAL_RESPONSE = "partial_response"
    COMPLETED = "completed"
    APPEALED = "appealed"
    LITIGATION = "litigation"
    CLOSED = "closed"

@dataclass
class FOIARequest:
    id: str
    agency: str
    date_submitted: date
    description: str
    status: RequestStatus = RequestStatus.DRAFTED

    # Tracking
    tracking_number: Optional[str] = None
    assigned_officer: Optional[str] = None
    estimated_completion: Optional[date] = None

    # Fees
    fee_estimate: Optional[float] = None
    fee_waiver_requested: bool = True
    fee_waiver_granted: Optional[bool] = None

    # Timeline
    acknowledgment_date: Optional[date] = None
    response_dates: list[date] = field(default_factory=list)

    # Documents
    pages_received: int = 0
    pages_withheld: int = 0
    exemptions_cited: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)

    # Appeals
    appeal_deadline: Optional[date] = None
    appeal_filed: Optional[date] = None

    @property
    def statutory_deadline(self) -> date:
        """Federal FOIA: 20 business days from submission.

        Business days exclude weekends and legal federal holidays, per
        5 U.S.C. 552(a)(6)(A)(i). The count starts the day after submission.
        holidays.US() covers only nationwide federal holidays and expands to
        the queried year on lookup, so windows crossing into a new year (e.g.
        late December) still exclude the right days.
        """
        us_holidays = holidays.US()
        remaining, deadline = 20, self.date_submitted
        while remaining:
            deadline += timedelta(days=1)
            if deadline.weekday() < 5 and deadline not in us_holidays:  # Mon-Fri, non-holiday
                remaining -= 1
        return deadline

    @property
    def is_overdue(self) -> bool:
        return date.today() > self.statutory_deadline and self.status in [
            RequestStatus.SUBMITTED,
            RequestStatus.ACKNOWLEDGED,
            RequestStatus.PROCESSING
        ]

# Tracking spreadsheet structure
TRACKING_COLUMNS = [
    'request_id',
    'agency',
    'date_submitted',
    'tracking_number',
    'description',
    'status',
    'statutory_deadline',
    'actual_response_date',
    'pages_received',
    'exemptions_cited',
    'fee_amount',
    'appeal_deadline',
    'notes'
]

フォローアップ連絡のテンプレート

## Status inquiry (after 20+ business days)

Subject: Status inquiry, FOIA request [tracking number]

Dear FOIA Officer:

I am writing to inquire about the status of my Freedom of Information Act request submitted on [DATE], assigned tracking number [NUMBER].

Under FOIA, agencies must respond within 20 business days. As of today, [X] business days have elapsed.

Please provide:
1. Current status of my request
2. Estimated completion date
3. Any fee estimates
4. Name of assigned processor

I can be reached at [contact info].

Sincerely,
[Name]

## Fee waiver appeal

Subject: Appeal of fee waiver denial, request [number]

Dear FOIA Appeals Officer:

I appeal the denial of my fee waiver request dated [DATE] for request [NUMBER].

The denial was improper because:

1. **Public interest**: [Explain how disclosure serves public interest]

2. **Ability to disseminate**: [Describe your platform/audience]
   - Publication: [name, circulation/readership]
   - Previous FOIA-based reporting: [examples]
   - Planned use of records: [specific plans]

3. **Commercial interest**: I have no commercial interest in these records. [Or: My commercial interest is minimal compared to public benefit because...]

4. **Comparison**: Similar requests have received fee waivers. See: [examples if available]

I request the fee waiver be granted or, alternatively, that fees be limited to [amount].

Sincerely,
[Name]

回答への対応

回答確認チェックリスト

## Initial response review

### Administrative check
- [ ] Response received by deadline?
- [ ] Tracking number matches
- [ ] Request description accurate
- [ ] All requested record types addressed

### Completeness assessment
- [ ] All date ranges covered?
- [ ] All offices/divisions searched?
- [ ] Search terms used listed?
- [ ] Any referrals to other agencies?

### Exemption analysis
For each exemption claimed:
- [ ] Specific exemption cited (e.g., "Exemption 6")
- [ ] Explanation provided for each withholding
- [ ] Foreseeable harm articulated?
- [ ] Segregable portions released?

### Document review
- [ ] Page count matches stated total
- [ ] Documents legible
- [ ] Redactions clearly marked
- [ ] Index provided (Vaughn index if applicable)

### Fee assessment
- [ ] Charges match estimate?
- [ ] Itemized breakdown provided?
- [ ] Fee category correct (media, educational, commercial, other)?

黒塗りの分析

## Understanding redactions

### Types of redactions
- (b)(1) - National security [black bar with exemption]
- (b)(5) - Deliberative process [often overused]
- (b)(6) - Personal privacy [names, contact info]
- (b)(7)(A) - Law enforcement investigation
- (b)(7)(C) - Law enforcement privacy

### Challenging over-redaction
Questions to ask:
1. Is entire document withheld or just portions?
2. Are routine details redacted unnecessarily?
3. Is information already public elsewhere?
4. Is the exemption correctly applied?
5. Was foreseeable harm test applied?

### Building your case
- Compare with similar released documents
- Check if information is already public
- Note inconsistent redaction patterns
- Document segregability arguments

異議申し立ての手続き

連邦FOIAの異議申し立てテンプレート

[Your Name]
[Address]
[Date]

Chief FOIA Officer / FOIA Appeals Office
[Agency Name]
[Address]

RE: Administrative Appeal of FOIA Request [Tracking Number]

Dear Appeals Officer:

Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6), I appeal the [partial denial / full denial / inadequate search / fee waiver denial] of my FOIA request dated [original date], tracking number [number].

**Original request:**
[Brief description of what you requested]

**Agency response:**
On [date], the agency [describe response - denied, partially released, etc.]

**Grounds for appeal:**

[Choose applicable grounds:]

**1. Improper exemption claim**
The agency improperly invoked Exemption [X] because:
- [Specific argument about why exemption doesn't apply]
- [Legal precedent if known]
- [Foreseeable harm not demonstrated]

**2. Inadequate search**
The agency failed to conduct an adequate search because:
- [Specific offices not searched]
- [Relevant record systems overlooked]
- [Search terms too narrow]

**3. Failure to segregate**
The agency failed to release non-exempt portions as required. Specifically:
- [Identify documents where segregation possible]

**4. Fee waiver improperly denied**
[See fee waiver appeal template above]

**Relief requested:**
I request that the agency:
1. Release all improperly withheld records
2. Conduct additional searches of [specific locations]
3. Provide a detailed justification for any continued withholdings
4. Grant my fee waiver request

I expect a response within 20 business days.

Sincerely,
[Name]

管轄区域別の異議申し立て期限

管轄区域	異議申し立て期限	提出先
連邦FOIA	回答から90日以内	機関の異議申し立て窓口
ニュージャージー州OPRA	45日	政府記録評議会
ニューヨーク州FOIL	30日	機関の異議申し立て担当者
カリフォルニア州PRA	行政上の異議申し立てなし	直接裁判所へ

高度な戦略

複数機関への請求

## Coordinated request strategy

When a topic spans multiple agencies:

1. **Map the agencies involved**
   - Which agencies have jurisdiction?
   - Which offices within agencies?
   - Are there inter-agency communications?

2. **Sequence requests strategically**
   - Start with agency most likely to release
   - Use released documents to refine subsequent requests
   - Reference other agencies' releases in appeals

3. **Cross-reference responses**
   - Compare what different agencies release
   - Note discrepancies in redactions
   - Use one agency's release to challenge another's withholding

4. **Track coordination**
   - Document all request/response dates
   - Note referrals between agencies
   - Build timeline of events from multiple sources

文書提供の管理

## Large production workflow

For responses with 100+ pages:

### Organization system
/FOIA_[Agency]_[Topic]/
├── 01_Request_Materials/
│   ├── original_request.pdf
│   ├── acknowledgment.pdf
│   └── correspondence/
├── 02_Responses/
│   ├── response_2024-01-15/
│   ├── response_2024-02-20/
│   └── final_response/
├── 03_Analysis/
│   ├── document_index.xlsx
│   ├── redaction_log.xlsx
│   └── key_documents/
├── 04_Appeals/
│   └── appeal_2024-03-01.pdf
└── 05_Notes/
    └── research_notes.md

### Document indexing
For each document, track:
- Bates number (if assigned)
- Date of document
- Author/recipient
- Document type
- Subject/summary
- Exemptions applied
- Relevance rating (1-5)
- Follow-up needed?

関連項目

deadline-and-reply-trackingを使用して、法定期限、受領確認、回答期間、異議申し立て期限を追跡します。