android-build

Android 构建系统

本技能涵盖通过 Gradle CLI 构建 Android 应用，以及通过 AOSP/LineageOS 构建自定义 ROM。

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应用构建（Gradle CLI）

基本命令

./gradlew tasks                     # List available tasks
./gradlew assembleDebug             # Build debug APK
./gradlew assembleRelease           # Build release APK
./gradlew installDebug              # Build + install to device
./gradlew bundleRelease             # Build AAB (App Bundle)

# APK output location
# app/build/outputs/apk/debug/app-debug.apk
# app/build/outputs/apk/release/app-release.apk

构建变体

./gradlew assembleFreeDebug         # Flavor + build type
./gradlew assemblePaidRelease
./gradlew assembleDebug --info      # Verbose output
./gradlew assembleRelease -x test   # Skip tests

测试

./gradlew test                      # Unit tests
./gradlew testDebugUnitTest         # Debug unit tests only
./gradlew connectedAndroidTest      # Instrumented tests
./gradlew connectedCheck            # All connected tests

# Run specific test
./gradlew test --tests "*.MyTestClass"

Lint 和分析

./gradlew lint                      # Run lint
./gradlew lintDebug                 # Debug only (faster)
./gradlew ktlintCheck               # Kotlin style (if configured)
./gradlew detekt                    # Detekt analysis (if configured)

清理和刷新

./gradlew clean                     # Clean build
./gradlew clean assembleDebug       # Clean + build
./gradlew --refresh-dependencies    # Force dependency refresh
./gradlew --stop                    # Stop Gradle daemon

依赖项

./gradlew dependencies              # All dependencies
./gradlew app:dependencies          # Module dependencies
./gradlew dependencyInsight --dependency <name>

签名

调试密钥库位置：

• Linux：~/.android/debug.keystore
• macOS：~/.android/debug.keystore
• Windows：C:\Users\<user>\.android\debug.keystore

密码：android，别名：androiddebugkey

# Create release keystore
keytool -genkey -v -keystore release.keystore \
    -alias my-key-alias -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000

性能

./gradlew assembleDebug --parallel  # Parallel builds
./gradlew assembleDebug --build-cache  # Use cache
./gradlew assembleDebug --offline   # Offline mode
./gradlew --scan                    # Build scan (uploads data)
./gradlew --profile                 # Local profile report

gradle.properties 优化

org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4g -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError
org.gradle.parallel=true
org.gradle.caching=true
org.gradle.configuration-cache=true
android.useAndroidX=true

---

SDK 管理

sdkmanager

sdkmanager --list                   # List available packages
sdkmanager --list | grep system     # Filter system images
sdkmanager "platform-tools"         # Install package
sdkmanager "platforms;android-34"   # Install platform
sdkmanager "system-images;android-34;google_apis;x86_64"
sdkmanager --update                 # Update all
sdkmanager --licenses               # Accept licenses

avdmanager

avdmanager list device              # List device profiles
avdmanager list avd                 # List created AVDs

# Create AVD
avdmanager create avd -n my_avd \
    -k "system-images;android-34;google_apis;x86_64" \
    -d pixel_6

avdmanager delete avd -n my_avd

Emulator CLI

emulator -list-avds                 # List AVDs
emulator @my_avd                    # Start AVD
emulator @my_avd -no-snapshot       # Fresh boot
emulator @my_avd -no-window         # Headless
emulator @my_avd -wipe-data         # Factory reset

---

ROM 构建（AOSP/LineageOS）

环境设置

# Install repo tool
mkdir -p ~/.bin
curl https://storage.googleapis.com/git-repo-downloads/repo > ~/.bin/repo
chmod a+x ~/.bin/repo
export PATH="$HOME/.bin:$PATH"

# Initialize repo
mkdir android && cd android
repo init -u https://github.com/LineageOS/android.git -b lineage-21.0
# Or AOSP: repo init -u https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest

# Sync source
repo sync -c -j$(nproc) --force-sync --no-tags --no-clone-bundle

构建命令

# Setup environment
source build/envsetup.sh

# Select device
lunch <device>-userdebug           # AOSP
breakfast <device>                  # LineageOS

# Build
m                                   # Full build
mka bacon                           # LineageOS (with flashable zip)
mka bootimage                       # Just boot.img
mka systemimage                     # Just system

# Parallel build
m -j$(nproc)

构建变体

变体	用途
user	用于生产环境，无 root，调试功能受限
userdebug	类似 user + root + 调试功能
eng	用于开发，提供所有调试工具

常用目标

m bootimage                         # Kernel + ramdisk
m systemimage                       # System partition
m vendorimage                       # Vendor partition
m otapackage                        # OTA zip
mka bacon                           # LineageOS flashable zip

# Module-specific
m Settings                          # Just Settings app
mm                                  # Build current directory
mmm packages/apps/Settings          # Build specific path

LineageOS 特性

breakfast <device>                  # Setup + sync device deps
brunch <device>                     # breakfast + mka bacon

# Cherry-pick from Gerrit
repopick <change_number>
repopick -t <topic>

# Sync specific project
repo sync packages/apps/Settings

构建输出

out/target/product/<device>/
├── boot.img                        # Kernel + ramdisk
├── system.img                      # System partition
├── vendor.img                      # Vendor partition
├── lineage-*.zip                   # Flashable zip (LineageOS)
└── recovery.img                    # Recovery (non-A/B)

---

设备树

结构

device/<vendor>/<device>/
├── AndroidProducts.mk              # Product makefiles list
├── BoardConfig.mk                  # Board configuration
├── device.mk                       # Device makefile
├── lineage_<device>.mk             # LineageOS product
├── extract-files.sh                # Vendor blob extraction
├── proprietary-files.txt           # Blob list
├── sepolicy/                       # SELinux policies
└── overlay/                        # Resource overlays

关键文件

BoardConfig.mk - 硬件配置：

TARGET_ARCH := arm64
TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM := <platform>
TARGET_BOOTLOADER_BOARD_NAME := <device>
BOARD_KERNEL_CMDLINE := ...
BOARD_BOOT_HEADER_VERSION := 4

device.mk - 设备软件包：

PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
    [email protected] \
    audio.primary.$(TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM)

PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += \
    $(LOCAL_PATH)/configs/audio_policy.conf:...

---

内核构建

独立构建

# Setup
export ARCH=arm64
export CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-
# Or for Clang:
export CC=clang
export CLANG_TRIPLE=aarch64-linux-gnu-

# Configure
make <device>_defconfig

# Build
make -j$(nproc)

# Output
arch/arm64/boot/Image.gz

在 AOSP 树中构建

# In BoardConfig.mk
TARGET_KERNEL_SOURCE := kernel/<vendor>/<device>
TARGET_KERNEL_CONFIG := <device>_defconfig
TARGET_KERNEL_CLANG_COMPILE := true

---

故障排除

常见 Gradle 问题

# OOM
export GRADLE_OPTS="-Xmx4g"

# Daemon issues
./gradlew --stop
rm -rf ~/.gradle/daemon

# Cache issues
./gradlew clean --refresh-dependencies

常见 AOSP 问题

# Ninja error - usually dependency issue
m clean && m

# Jack server (old builds)
./prebuilts/sdk/tools/jack-admin kill-server
./prebuilts/sdk/tools/jack-admin start-server

# SELinux issues
audit2allow -i audit.log

构建日志

# Gradle
./gradlew assembleDebug --stacktrace
./gradlew assembleDebug --info

# AOSP
m 2>&1 | tee build.log

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快速参考

Gradle

任务	命令
构建调试版	./gradlew assembleDebug
构建发布版	./gradlew assembleRelease
安装	./gradlew installDebug
测试	./gradlew test
Lint 检查	./gradlew lint
清理	./gradlew clean
依赖项	./gradlew dependencies

AOSP/LineageOS

任务	命令
设置环境	source build/envsetup.sh
选择设备	lunch <device>-userdebug
完整构建	m
LineageOS zip	mka bacon
仅构建 boot	mka bootimage
同步	repo sync -c -j$(nproc)