android

Android 设备精通

本技能涵盖通过 ADB 和 shell 命令与 Android 设备交互的所有内容。

设备连接

检查已连接的设备

adb devices -l

输出会显示序列号、状态和设备信息。常见状态：

• device - 已连接并获授权
• unauthorized - 请在设备上接受 USB 调试提示
• offline - 连接存在问题，请尝试 adb kill-server && adb start-server

无线调试

Android 11+（推荐）：

1. 在开发者选项中启用无线调试
2. 点按“使用配对码配对设备”
3. 运行：adb pair <ip>:<pairing_port> 并输入配对码
4. 然后运行：adb connect <ip>:<connection_port>

旧版方式（需要先连接 USB）：

adb tcpip 5555
adb connect <device_ip>:5555

多台设备

始终使用 -s 指定设备：

adb -s <serial> shell
adb -s emulator-5554 install app.apk

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Shell 命令

交互式 Shell

adb shell                    # Enter shell
adb shell <command>          # Run single command
adb shell "cmd1 && cmd2"     # Chain commands

基本命令

# Device info
getprop ro.product.model              # Device model
getprop ro.build.version.release      # Android version
getprop ro.build.version.sdk          # SDK level

# File operations
ls -la /sdcard/
cat /path/to/file
cp /source /dest
rm /path/to/file

# Process info
ps -A | grep <name>
pidof <package_name>
top -n 1 -m 10

安全限制输出

对于可能产生大量输出的命令：

adb shell "logcat -d | head -500"
adb shell "dumpsys activity | head -200"

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应用管理

安装/卸载

adb install app.apk                   # Basic install
adb install -r app.apk                # Replace existing
adb install -g app.apk                # Grant all permissions
adb install -r -g app.apk             # Both

adb uninstall com.example.app         # Full uninstall
adb uninstall -k com.example.app      # Keep data

启动/停止应用

# Start main activity
adb shell monkey -p com.example.app -c android.intent.category.LAUNCHER 1

# Start specific activity
adb shell am start -n com.example.app/.MainActivity

# Start with intent extras
adb shell am start -n com.example.app/.Activity \
    -a android.intent.action.VIEW \
    -d "myapp://page/123" \
    --es "key" "value"

# Force stop
adb shell am force-stop com.example.app

# Clear app data
adb shell pm clear com.example.app

列出软件包

adb shell pm list packages              # All packages
adb shell pm list packages -3           # Third-party only
adb shell pm list packages | grep term  # Filter

adb shell pm path com.example.app       # APK location
adb shell dumpsys package com.example.app  # Full package info

权限

adb shell pm grant com.example.app android.permission.CAMERA
adb shell pm revoke com.example.app android.permission.CAMERA
adb shell dumpsys package com.example.app | grep permission

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文件操作

推送/拉取文件

adb push local_file.txt /sdcard/
adb pull /sdcard/remote_file.txt ./

# Recursive
adb push local_dir/ /sdcard/target/
adb pull /sdcard/dir/ ./local/

访问应用数据（可调试应用）

adb shell run-as com.example.app ls files/
adb shell run-as com.example.app cat shared_prefs/prefs.xml
adb shell run-as com.example.app sqlite3 databases/app.db ".tables"

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UI 自动化

输入命令

# Tap at coordinates
adb shell input tap 500 800

# Swipe (x1 y1 x2 y2 [duration_ms])
adb shell input swipe 500 1500 500 500 300

# Text input (needs focused field)
adb shell input text "hello"

# Key events
adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE_HOME      # Home
adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE_BACK      # Back
adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE_ENTER     # Enter
adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE_POWER     # Power
adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE_VOLUME_UP # Volume up

常用按键码

代码	按键	代码	按键
3	HOME	4	BACK
24	VOL_UP	25	VOL_DOWN
26	POWER	66	ENTER
67	DEL	82	MENU

截图和录屏

# Screenshot
adb shell screencap -p /sdcard/screen.png
adb pull /sdcard/screen.png

# One-liner (binary-safe)
adb exec-out screencap -p > screen.png

# Screen recording (max 3 min)
adb shell screenrecord /sdcard/video.mp4
adb shell screenrecord --time-limit 10 /sdcard/video.mp4

UI 层级结构

adb shell uiautomator dump /sdcard/ui.xml
adb pull /sdcard/ui.xml

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调试和日志

Logcat 基础

# Dump and exit
adb logcat -d

# Last N lines
adb logcat -t 100

# Filter by tag:priority
adb logcat ActivityManager:I *:S

# Filter by package (get PID first)
adb logcat --pid=$(adb shell pidof -s com.example.app)

# Crash buffer
adb logcat -b crash

优先级： V（Verbose，详细）、D（Debug，调试）、I（Info，信息）、W（Warn，警告）、E（Error，错误）、F（Fatal，致命）、S（Silent，静默）

常见调试模式

# Find crashes
adb logcat *:E | grep -E "(Exception|Error|FATAL)"

# Activity lifecycle
adb logcat ActivityManager:I ActivityTaskManager:I *:S

# Memory issues
adb logcat art:D dalvikvm:D *:S | grep -i "gc"

内存分析

adb shell dumpsys meminfo com.example.app

关键指标：

• PSS：按比例分摊的内存用量（可用它比较应用）
• Private Dirty：进程独占的内存
• Heap：Java/Native 堆用量

崩溃分析

# ANR traces
adb shell cat /data/anr/traces.txt

# Tombstones (native crashes, needs root)
adb shell ls /data/tombstones/

# Recent crashes via logcat
adb logcat -b crash -d

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系统检查

dumpsys 服务

adb shell dumpsys -l                    # List all services

# Common services
adb shell dumpsys activity              # Activities, processes
adb shell dumpsys package <pkg>         # Package details
adb shell dumpsys battery               # Battery status
adb shell dumpsys meminfo               # System memory
adb shell dumpsys cpuinfo               # CPU usage
adb shell dumpsys window displays       # Display info
adb shell dumpsys connectivity          # Network state

系统属性

adb shell getprop                       # All properties
adb shell getprop | grep <filter>       # Filter properties

# Useful properties
getprop ro.product.model                # Model
getprop ro.build.fingerprint            # Build fingerprint
getprop ro.serialno                     # Serial number
getprop sys.boot_completed              # Boot status (1 = done)

设置

# Namespaces: system, secure, global
adb shell settings get global airplane_mode_on
adb shell settings put system screen_brightness 128
adb shell settings list global

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重启命令

adb reboot                   # Normal reboot
adb reboot recovery          # Recovery mode
adb reboot bootloader        # Fastboot mode
adb reboot sideload          # Sideload mode
adb reboot-bootloader        # Alias for bootloader

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故障排除

未找到设备：

adb kill-server && adb start-server

未授权：

• 检查是否已启用 USB 调试
• 在开发者选项中撤销 USB 调试授权，然后重新连接

多台设备错误：

• 使用 -s <serial> 指定设备

找不到命令（在设备上）：

• 某些命令需要 root 权限，或仅适用于特定版本
• 尝试使用 /system/bin/<cmd>，或检查命令是否存在

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快速参考

任务	命令
列出设备	adb devices -l
安装应用	adb install -r -g app.apk
启动应用	adb shell monkey -p pkg -c android.intent.category.LAUNCHER 1
停止应用	adb shell am force-stop pkg
截图	adb exec-out screencap -p > screen.png
日志	adb logcat -d -t 100
Shell	adb shell
推送文件	adb push local /sdcard/
拉取文件	adb pull /sdcard/file ./
点按	adb shell input tap X Y
返回	adb shell input keyevent 4
主页	adb shell input keyevent 3

如需深入了解特定主题，请参阅 references/deep-dive.md。