appwrite-python

Appwrite Python SDK

安装

pip install appwrite

设置客户端

from appwrite.client import Client
from appwrite.id import ID
from appwrite.query import Query
from appwrite.services.users import Users
from appwrite.services.tables_db import TablesDB
from appwrite.services.storage import Storage
from appwrite.services.functions import Functions
from appwrite.enums.o_auth_provider import OAuthProvider

import os

client = (Client()
    .set_endpoint('https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1')
    .set_project(os.environ['APPWRITE_PROJECT_ID'])
    .set_key(os.environ['APPWRITE_API_KEY']))

代码示例

用户管理

users = Users(client)

# Create user
user = users.create(ID.unique(), '[email protected]', None, 'password123', 'User Name')

# List users
result = users.list([Query.limit(25)])

# Get user
fetched = users.get('[USER_ID]')

# Delete user
users.delete('[USER_ID]')

数据库操作

注意： 所有新代码都应使用 TablesDB（而非已弃用的 Databases 类）。只有当现有代码库已依赖 Databases，或用户明确要求时，才使用 Databases。

提示： 所有 SDK 方法调用都应优先使用关键字参数（例如 database_id='...'），而不是位置参数。只有当现有代码库已使用位置参数，或用户明确要求时，才使用位置参数。

tables_db = TablesDB(client)

# Create database
db = tables_db.create(ID.unique(), 'My Database')

# Create row
doc = tables_db.create_row('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', ID.unique(), {
    'title': 'Hello World'
})

# Query rows
results = tables_db.list_rows('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', [
    Query.equal('title', 'Hello World'),
    Query.limit(10)
])

# Get row
row = tables_db.get_row('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', '[ROW_ID]')

# Update row
tables_db.update_row('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', '[ROW_ID]', {
    'title': 'Updated'
})

# Delete row
tables_db.delete_row('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', '[ROW_ID]')

字符串列类型

注意： 旧版 string 类型已弃用。所有新列都应使用明确指定的列类型。

Type	Max characters	Indexing	Storage
varchar	16,383	Full index (if size ≤ 768)	Inline in row
text	16,383	Prefix only	Off-page
mediumtext	4,194,303	Prefix only	Off-page
longtext	1,073,741,823	Prefix only	Off-page

• varchar 会内联存储，并计入 64 KB 的行大小限制。适用于名称、slug 或标识符等较短且需要索引的字段。
• text、mediumtext 和 longtext 会存储在页外（行中仅保留一个 20 字节的指针），因此不会占用行大小额度。这些类型不需要设置 size。

# Create table with explicit string column types
tables_db.create_table(
    database_id='[DATABASE_ID]',
    table_id=ID.unique(),
    name='articles',
    columns=[
        {'key': 'title',    'type': 'varchar',    'size': 255, 'required': True},   # inline, fully indexable
        {'key': 'summary',  'type': 'text',                    'required': False},  # off-page, prefix index only
        {'key': 'body',     'type': 'mediumtext',              'required': False},  # up to ~4 M chars
        {'key': 'raw_data', 'type': 'longtext',                'required': False},  # up to ~1 B chars
    ]
)

查询方法

# Filtering
Query.equal('field', 'value')             # == (or pass list for IN)
Query.not_equal('field', 'value')         # !=
Query.less_than('field', 100)             # <
Query.less_than_equal('field', 100)       # <=
Query.greater_than('field', 100)          # >
Query.greater_than_equal('field', 100)    # >=
Query.between('field', 1, 100)            # 1 <= field <= 100
Query.is_null('field')                    # is null
Query.is_not_null('field')                # is not null
Query.starts_with('field', 'prefix')      # starts with
Query.ends_with('field', 'suffix')        # ends with
Query.contains('field', 'sub')            # contains (string or array)
Query.search('field', 'keywords')         # full-text search (requires index)

# Sorting
Query.order_asc('field')
Query.order_desc('field')

# Pagination
Query.limit(25)                           # max rows (default 25, max 100)
Query.offset(0)                           # skip N rows
Query.cursor_after('[ROW_ID]')            # cursor pagination (preferred)
Query.cursor_before('[ROW_ID]')

# Selection & Logic
Query.select(['field1', 'field2'])        # return only specified fields
Query.or_queries([Query.equal('a', 1), Query.equal('b', 2)])   # OR
Query.and_queries([Query.greater_than('age', 18), Query.less_than('age', 65)])  # AND (default)
Query.relationship('comments', [Query.equal('approved', True), Query.limit(25)])  # related documents

# Aggregations (optional alias)
Query.count('*', 'total')
Query.sum('amount', 'revenue')
Query.avg('score', 'avg_score')
Query.min('price', 'min_price')
Query.max('price', 'max_price')

# Grouping
Query.group_by(['status', 'year'])
Query.having([Query.greater_than('total', 1)])
Query.distinct()

# Joins (table id, left key, right key, operator, alias)
Query.join('orders', '$id', 'customerId')
Query.left_join('orders', '$id', 'customerId', '=', 'ord')
Query.left_join('orders', 'ord', [
    Query.on('$id', 'customerId'),
    Query.equal('ord.status', 'paid'),
])

# Fluent builder. Pass build() into list methods.
queries = (
    Query.builder()
    .equal('status', 'published')
    .left_join('orders', '$id', 'customerId', '=', 'ord')
    .count('*', 'total')
    .group_by(['status'])
    .limit(25)
    .build()
)

tables_db.list_rows('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', queries)

文件存储

from appwrite.input_file import InputFile

storage = Storage(client)

# Upload file
file = storage.create_file('[BUCKET_ID]', ID.unique(), InputFile.from_path('/path/to/file.png'))

# List files
files = storage.list_files('[BUCKET_ID]')

# Delete file
storage.delete_file('[BUCKET_ID]', '[FILE_ID]')

InputFile 工厂方法

from appwrite.input_file import InputFile

InputFile.from_path('/path/to/file.png')             # from filesystem path
InputFile.from_bytes(byte_data, 'file.png')          # from bytes
InputFile.from_string('Hello world', 'hello.txt')    # from string content

团队

from appwrite.services.teams import Teams

teams = Teams(client)

# Create team
team = teams.create(ID.unique(), 'Engineering')

# List teams
team_list = teams.list()

# Create membership (invite user by email)
membership = teams.create_membership('[TEAM_ID]', roles=['editor'], email='[email protected]')

# List memberships
members = teams.list_memberships('[TEAM_ID]')

# Update membership roles
teams.update_membership('[TEAM_ID]', '[MEMBERSHIP_ID]', roles=['admin'])

# Delete team
teams.delete('[TEAM_ID]')

基于角色的访问： 设置权限时，使用 Role.team('[TEAM_ID]') 指定所有团队成员，或使用 Role.team('[TEAM_ID]', 'editor') 指定特定团队角色。

无服务器函数

functions = Functions(client)

# Execute function
execution = functions.create_execution('[FUNCTION_ID]', body='{"key": "value"}')

# List executions
executions = functions.list_executions('[FUNCTION_ID]')

编写函数处理程序（Python 运行时）

# src/main.py — Appwrite Function entry point
def main(context):
    # context.req — request object
    #   .body        — raw request body (string)
    #   .body_json   — parsed JSON body (dict, or None if not JSON)
    #   .headers     — request headers (dict)
    #   .method      — HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.)
    #   .path        — URL path
    #   .query       — parsed query parameters (dict)
    #   .query_string — raw query string

    context.log('Processing: ' + context.req.method + ' ' + context.req.path)

    if context.req.method == 'GET':
        return context.res.json({'message': 'Hello from Appwrite Function!'})

    data = context.req.body_json or {}
    if 'name' not in data:
        context.error('Missing name field')
        return context.res.json({'error': 'Name is required'}, 400)

    # Response methods
    return context.res.json({'success': True})                    # JSON response
    # return context.res.text('Hello')                           # plain text
    # return context.res.empty()                                 # 204 No Content
    # return context.res.redirect('https://example.com')         # 302 Redirect
    # return context.res.send('data', 200, {'X-Custom': '1'})   # custom response

服务端渲染（SSR）身份验证

SSR 应用（Flask、Django、FastAPI 等）使用服务端 SDK处理身份验证。你需要两个客户端：

• 管理员客户端 — 使用 API 密钥创建会话，并绕过速率限制（可复用的单例）
• 会话客户端 — 使用会话 Cookie 代表用户执行操作（每个请求创建一个，切勿共享）

from appwrite.client import Client
from appwrite.services.account import Account
from flask import request, jsonify, make_response, redirect

# Admin client (reusable)
admin_client = (Client()
    .set_endpoint('https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1')
    .set_project('[PROJECT_ID]')
    .set_key(os.environ['APPWRITE_API_KEY']))

# Session client (create per-request)
session_client = (Client()
    .set_endpoint('https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1')
    .set_project('[PROJECT_ID]'))

session = request.cookies.get('a_session_[PROJECT_ID]')
if session:
    session_client.set_session(session)

电子邮件/密码登录

@app.post('/login')
def login():
    account = Account(admin_client)
    session = account.create_email_password_session(
        request.json['email'], request.json['password']
    )

    # Cookie name must be a_session_<PROJECT_ID>
    resp = make_response(jsonify({'success': True}))
    resp.set_cookie('a_session_[PROJECT_ID]', session['secret'],
                    httponly=True, secure=True, samesite='Strict',
                    expires=session['expire'], path='/')
    return resp

已验证身份的请求

@app.get('/user')
def get_user():
    session = request.cookies.get('a_session_[PROJECT_ID]')
    if not session:
        return jsonify({'error': 'Unauthorized'}), 401

    session_client = (Client()
        .set_endpoint('https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1')
        .set_project('[PROJECT_ID]')
        .set_session(session))

    account = Account(session_client)
    return jsonify(account.get())

OAuth2 SSR 流程

# Step 1: Redirect to OAuth provider
@app.get('/oauth')
def oauth():
    account = Account(admin_client)
    redirect_url = account.create_o_auth2_token(
        OAuthProvider.Github,
        'https://example.com/oauth/success',
        'https://example.com/oauth/failure',
    )
    return redirect(redirect_url)

# Step 2: Handle callback — exchange token for session
@app.get('/oauth/success')
def oauth_success():
    account = Account(admin_client)
    session = account.create_session(request.args['userId'], request.args['secret'])

    resp = make_response(jsonify({'success': True}))
    resp.set_cookie('a_session_[PROJECT_ID]', session['secret'],
                    httponly=True, secure=True, samesite='Strict',
                    expires=session['expire'], path='/')
    return resp

Cookie 安全： 始终使用 httponly、secure 和 samesite='Strict' 来防止 XSS。Cookie 名称必须为 a_session_<PROJECT_ID>。

转发用户代理： 调用 session_client.set_forwarded_user_agent(request.headers.get('user-agent'))，以记录最终用户的浏览器信息，便于调试和保障安全。

错误处理

from appwrite.exception import AppwriteException

try:
    row = tables_db.get_row('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', '[ROW_ID]')
except AppwriteException as e:
    print(e.message)    # human-readable error message
    print(e.code)       # HTTP status code (int)
    print(e.type)       # Appwrite error type string (e.g. 'document_not_found')
    print(e.response)   # full response body (dict)

常见错误代码：

Code	Meaning
401	未授权 — 缺少或无效的会话/API 密钥
403	禁止访问 — 此操作的权限不足
404	未找到 — 资源不存在
409	冲突 — ID 重复或违反唯一性约束
429	请求过多 — 请求频率过高，请等待退避时间后重试

权限与角色（重要）

Appwrite 使用权限字符串控制对资源的访问。每个权限由一个操作（read、update、delete、create 或授予创建、更新和删除权限的 write）和一个角色目标组成。默认情况下，除非在行/文件级别明确设置权限，或从表/存储桶设置继承权限，否则任何用户都无法访问。权限是由 Permission 和 Role 辅助工具构建的字符串数组。

from appwrite.permission import Permission
from appwrite.role import Role

带权限的数据库行

doc = tables_db.create_row('[DATABASE_ID]', '[TABLE_ID]', ID.unique(), {
    'title': 'Hello World'
}, [
    Permission.read(Role.user('[USER_ID]')),     # specific user can read
    Permission.update(Role.user('[USER_ID]')),   # specific user can update
    Permission.read(Role.team('[TEAM_ID]')),     # all team members can read
    Permission.read(Role.any()),                 # anyone (including guests) can read
])

带权限的文件上传

file = storage.create_file('[BUCKET_ID]', ID.unique(), InputFile.from_path('/path/to/file.png'), [
    Permission.read(Role.any()),
    Permission.update(Role.user('[USER_ID]')),
    Permission.delete(Role.user('[USER_ID]')),
])

何时设置权限： 需要按资源控制访问权限时，请设置行级／文件级权限。如果表中的所有行都使用相同的规则，请在表／存储桶级别配置权限，并将行权限留空。

常见错误：

• 忘记设置权限——资源将对所有用户（包括创建者）不可访问
• 对 write／update／delete 使用 Role.any()——允许任何用户（包括未通过身份验证的访客）修改或删除资源
• 对敏感数据使用 Permission.read(Role.any())——资源将公开可读