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axiom-swiftui-layout-ref

axiom-swiftui-layout-ref

github.com/charleswiltgen设计与 UI1.2k187 次安装今天更新
代码仓库

关于 axiom-swiftui-layout-ref

面向 SwiftUI 开发者的自适应布局 API 参考技能,涵盖系统布局容器、几何读取、安全区域和尺寸特征,并说明常见限制与用法。

主要功能

  1. 01ViewThatFits 变体选择
  2. 02AnyLayout 布局切换与动画
  3. 03自定义 Layout 算法
  4. 04几何信息读取
  5. 05安全区域间距与尺寸类

适用场景

  1. 01根据可用空间选择视图变体
  2. 02在布局间切换并保留视图身份
  3. 03按容器尺寸计算自适应内容

安装

复制下面的命令,在终端中运行。

$npx skills add https://github.com/charleswiltgen/axiom --skill axiom-swiftui-layout-ref

安装后在 Claude Code 中输入/axiom-swiftui-layout-ref确认已加载。

详细介绍

SwiftUI 布局 API 参考

SwiftUI 自适应布局工具的完整 API 参考。有关决策指导和反模式,请参阅 axiom-swiftui-layout 技能。

概述

本参考涵盖用于构建自适应界面的所有 SwiftUI 布局 API:

  • ViewThatFits — 自动选择变体(iOS 16+)
  • AnyLayout — 类型擦除的动画布局切换(iOS 16+)
  • Layout Protocol — 自定义布局算法(iOS 16+)
  • onGeometryChange — 高效读取几何信息(向后移植至 iOS 16+)
  • GeometryReader — 在布局阶段访问几何信息(iOS 13+)
  • Safe Area Padding — .safeAreaPadding() 与 .padding() 的区别(iOS 17+)
  • Size Classes — 基于特征的自适应
  • iOS 26 Window APIs — 自由形式窗口、菜单栏、调整大小锚点

ViewThatFits

按顺序评估子视图,并显示第一个适合可用空间的视图。

基本用法
ViewThatFits {
    // First choice
    HStack {
        icon
        title
        Spacer()
        button
    }

    // Second choice
    HStack {
        icon
        title
        button
    }

    // Fallback
    VStack {
        HStack { icon; title }
        button
    }
}
添加轴约束
// Only consider horizontal fit
ViewThatFits(in: .horizontal) {
    wideVersion
    narrowVersion
}

// Only consider vertical fit
ViewThatFits(in: .vertical) {
    tallVersion
    shortVersion
}
工作原理
  1. 对每个子视图应用 fixedSize()
  2. 根据可用空间测量理想尺寸
  3. 返回第一个适合的子视图
  4. 如果都不适合,则回退到最后一个子视图
局限性
  • 不会公开所选的变体
  • 无法在变体之间进行动画切换(请改用 AnyLayout)
  • 会测量所有变体(复杂视图需要考虑性能)

AnyLayout

类型擦除的布局容器,可在布局之间进行动画过渡。

基本用法
struct AdaptiveView: View {
    @Environment(\.horizontalSizeClass) var sizeClass

    var layout: AnyLayout {
        sizeClass == .compact
            ? AnyLayout(VStackLayout(spacing: 12))
            : AnyLayout(HStackLayout(spacing: 20))
    }

    var body: some View {
        layout {
            ForEach(items) { item in
                ItemView(item: item)
            }
        }
        .animation(.default, value: sizeClass)
    }
}
可用布局类型
AnyLayout(HStackLayout(alignment: .top, spacing: 10))
AnyLayout(VStackLayout(alignment: .leading, spacing: 8))
AnyLayout(ZStackLayout(alignment: .center))
AnyLayout(GridLayout(alignment: .leading, horizontalSpacing: 10, verticalSpacing: 10))
自定义条件
// Based on Dynamic Type
@Environment(\.dynamicTypeSize) var typeSize

var layout: AnyLayout {
    typeSize.isAccessibilitySize
        ? AnyLayout(VStackLayout())
        : AnyLayout(HStackLayout())
}

// Based on geometry
@State private var isWide = true

var layout: AnyLayout {
    isWide
        ? AnyLayout(HStackLayout())
        : AnyLayout(VStackLayout())
}
为什么优于条件视图
// ❌ Loses view identity, no animation
if isCompact {
    VStack { content }
} else {
    HStack { content }
}

// ✅ Preserves identity, smooth animation
let layout = isCompact ? AnyLayout(VStackLayout()) : AnyLayout(HStackLayout())
layout { content }

Layout Protocol

创建可完全控制位置的自定义布局容器。

基本自定义布局
struct FlowLayout: Layout {
    var spacing: CGFloat = 8

    func sizeThatFits(proposal: ProposedViewSize, subviews: Subviews, cache: inout ()) -> CGSize {
        let sizes = subviews.map { $0.sizeThatFits(.unspecified) }
        return calculateSize(for: sizes, in: proposal.width ?? .infinity)
    }

    func placeSubviews(in bounds: CGRect, proposal: ProposedViewSize, subviews: Subviews, cache: inout ()) {
        var point = bounds.origin
        var lineHeight: CGFloat = 0

        for subview in subviews {
            let size = subview.sizeThatFits(.unspecified)

            if point.x + size.width > bounds.maxX {
                point.x = bounds.origin.x
                point.y += lineHeight + spacing
                lineHeight = 0
            }

            subview.place(at: point, proposal: .unspecified)
            point.x += size.width + spacing
            lineHeight = max(lineHeight, size.height)
        }
    }
}

// Usage
FlowLayout(spacing: 12) {
    ForEach(tags) { tag in
        TagView(tag: tag)
    }
}
使用缓存
struct CachedLayout: Layout {
    struct CacheData {
        var sizes: [CGSize] = []
    }

    func makeCache(subviews: Subviews) -> CacheData {
        CacheData(sizes: subviews.map { $0.sizeThatFits(.unspecified) })
    }

    func sizeThatFits(proposal: ProposedViewSize, subviews: Subviews, cache: inout CacheData) -> CGSize {
        // Use cache.sizes instead of measuring again
    }
}
布局值
// Define custom layout value
struct Rank: LayoutValueKey {
    static let defaultValue: Int = 0
}

extension View {
    func rank(_ value: Int) -> some View {
        layoutValue(key: Rank.self, value: value)
    }
}

// Read in layout
func placeSubviews(...) {
    let sorted = subviews.sorted { $0[Rank.self] < $1[Rank.self] }
}

onGeometryChange

高效读取几何信息,不产生布局副作用。向后移植至 iOS 16+。

基本用法
@State private var size: CGSize = .zero

var body: some View {
    content
        .onGeometryChange(for: CGSize.self) { proxy in
            proxy.size
        } action: { newSize in
            size = newSize
        }
}
读取特定值
// Width only
.onGeometryChange(for: CGFloat.self) { proxy in
    proxy.size.width
} action: { width in
    columnCount = max(1, Int(width / 150))
}

// Frame in coordinate space
.onGeometryChange(for: CGRect.self) { proxy in
    proxy.frame(in: .global)
} action: { frame in
    globalFrame = frame
}

// Aspect ratio
.onGeometryChange(for: Bool.self) { proxy in
    proxy.size.width > proxy.size.height
} action: { isWide in
    self.isWide = isWide
}
坐标空间
// Named coordinate space
ScrollView {
    content
        .onGeometryChange(for: CGFloat.self) { proxy in
            proxy.frame(in: .named("scroll")).minY
        } action: { offset in
            scrollOffset = offset
        }
}
.coordinateSpace(name: "scroll")
与 GeometryReader 的比较
方面onGeometryChangeGeometryReader
布局影响无贪婪(填满空间)
评估时机布局之后布局期间
使用场景副作用布局计算
iOS 版本16+(向后移植)13+

GeometryReader

在布局阶段提供几何信息。由于其贪婪的尺寸行为,请谨慎使用。

基本用法(受约束)
// ✅ Always constrain GeometryReader
GeometryReader { proxy in
    let width = proxy.size.width
    HStack(spacing: 0) {
        Rectangle().frame(width: width * 0.3)
        Rectangle().frame(width: width * 0.7)
    }
}
.frame(height: 100)  // Required constraint
GeometryProxy 属性
GeometryReader { proxy in
    // Container size
    let size = proxy.size  // CGSize

    // Safe area insets
    let insets = proxy.safeAreaInsets  // EdgeInsets

    // Frame in coordinate space
    let globalFrame = proxy.frame(in: .global)
    let localFrame = proxy.frame(in: .local)
    let namedFrame = proxy.frame(in: .named("container"))
}
常见模式
// Proportional sizing
GeometryReader { geo in
    VStack {
        header.frame(height: geo.size.height * 0.2)
        content.frame(height: geo.size.height * 0.8)
    }
}

// Centering with offset
GeometryReader { geo in
    content
        .position(x: geo.size.width / 2, y: geo.size.height / 2)
}
避免常见错误
// ❌ Unconstrained in VStack
VStack {
    GeometryReader { ... }  // Takes ALL space
    Button("Next") { }       // Invisible
}

// ✅ Constrained
VStack {
    GeometryReader { ... }
        .frame(height: 200)
    Button("Next") { }
}

// ❌ Causing layout loops
GeometryReader { geo in
    content
        .frame(width: geo.size.width)  // Can cause infinite loop
}

Safe Area Padding

SwiftUI 提供两种处理内容周围间距的主要方式:.padding() 和 .safeAreaPadding()。了解何时使用哪一种,对在带有安全区域(刘海、Dynamic Island、主屏幕指示器)的设备上实现正确布局至关重要。

关键区别
// ❌ WRONG - Ignores safe areas, content hits notch/home indicator
ScrollView {
    content
}
.padding(.horizontal, 20)

// ✅ CORRECT - Respects safe areas, adds padding beyond them
ScrollView {
    content
}
.safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 20)

关键要点:.padding() 从视图边缘开始添加固定间距。.safeAreaPadding() 则在安全区域内边距之外添加间距。

何时使用
在以下情况使用 .padding()
  • 在容器内的同级视图之间添加间距
  • 创建在任何地方都应保持一致的内部间距
  • 处理已遵循安全区域的视图(例如 List、Form)
  • 在 macOS 上添加装饰性间距(无需考虑安全区域)
VStack(spacing: 0) {
    header
        .padding(.horizontal, 16)  // ✅ Internal spacing

    Divider()

    content
        .padding(.horizontal, 16)  // ✅ Internal spacing
}
在以下情况使用 .safeAreaPadding()(iOS 17+)
  • 为延伸至屏幕边缘的全宽内容添加边距
  • 实现带有适当内边距的边缘到边缘滚动
  • 创建需要感知安全区域的自定义容器
  • 使用 Liquid Glass 或全屏材质
// ✅ Edge-to-edge list with custom padding
List(items) { item in
    ItemRow(item)
}
.listStyle(.plain)
.safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 20)  // Adds 20pt beyond safe areas

// ✅ Full-screen content with proper margins
ZStack {
    Color.blue.ignoresSafeArea()

    VStack {
        content
    }
    .safeAreaPadding(.all, 16)  // Respects notch, home indicator
}
平台支持情况

iOS 17+、iPadOS 17+、macOS 14+、axiom-visionOS 1.0+

对于更早的 iOS 版本,请手动处理安全区域:

// iOS 13-16 fallback
GeometryReader { geo in
    content
        .padding(.horizontal, 20 + geo.safeAreaInsets.leading)
}

或使用条件编译:

if #available(iOS 17, *) {
    content.safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 20)
} else {
    content.padding(.horizontal, 20)
        .padding(.leading, safeAreaInsets.leading)
}
针对特定边缘的用法
// Top only (below status bar/notch)
.safeAreaPadding(.top, 8)

// Bottom only (above home indicator)
.safeAreaPadding(.bottom, 16)

// Horizontal (left/right of safe areas)
.safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 20)

// All edges
.safeAreaPadding(.all, 16)

// Individual edges
.safeAreaPadding(EdgeInsets(top: 8, leading: 20, bottom: 16, trailing: 20))
常见模式
边缘到边缘的 ScrollView
ScrollView {
    LazyVStack(spacing: 12) {
        ForEach(items) { item in
            ItemCard(item)
        }
    }
}
.safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 16)  // Content inset from edges + safe areas
.safeAreaPadding(.vertical, 8)
全屏背景与安全区域内的内容
ZStack {
    // Background extends edge-to-edge
    LinearGradient(...)
        .ignoresSafeArea()

    // Content respects safe areas + custom padding
    VStack {
        header
        Spacer()
        content
        Spacer()
        footer
    }
    .safeAreaPadding(.all, 20)
}
嵌套内边距(组合方式)
// Outer: Safe area padding for device insets
VStack(spacing: 0) {
    content
}
.safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 16)  // Beyond safe areas

// Inner: Regular padding for internal spacing
VStack {
    Text("Title")
        .padding(.bottom, 8)  // Internal spacing
    Text("Subtitle")
}
决策树
Does your content extend to screen edges?
├─ YES → Use .safeAreaPadding()
│   ├─ Is it scrollable? → .safeAreaPadding(.horizontal/.vertical)
│   └─ Is it full-screen? → .safeAreaPadding(.all)
│
└─ NO (contained within a safe container like List/Form)
    └─ Use .padding() for internal spacing
可视化调试
// Visualize safe area padding (iOS 17+)
content
    .safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 20)
    .background(.red.opacity(0.2))  // Shows padding area
    .border(.blue)  // Shows content bounds
从手动处理安全区域迁移
// ❌ OLD: Manual calculation (iOS 13-16)
GeometryReader { geo in
    content
        .padding(.top, geo.safeAreaInsets.top + 16)
        .padding(.bottom, geo.safeAreaInsets.bottom + 16)
        .padding(.horizontal, 20)
}

// ✅ NEW: .safeAreaPadding() (iOS 17+)
content
    .safeAreaPadding(.vertical, 16)
    .safeAreaPadding(.horizontal, 20)
相关 API

.safeAreaInset(edge:) - 添加会缩小安全区域的持久内容:

ScrollView {
    content
}
.safeAreaInset(edge: .bottom) {
    // This REDUCES the safe area, content scrolls under it
    toolbarButtons
        .padding()
        .background(.ultraThinMaterial)
}

.ignoresSafeArea() - 完全忽略安全区域:

Color.blue
    .ignoresSafeArea()  // Extends to absolute screen edges
为什么这很重要

iOS 17 之前:开发者必须使用 GeometryReader 手动计算安全区域内边距,这会导致:

  • 代码冗长
  • 性能开销(GeometryReader 会强制进行额外的布局遍历)
  • 容易出错(忘记检查所有边缘)

iOS 17 及更高版本:.safeAreaPadding() 提供:

  • 声明式 API(符合 SwiftUI 理念)
  • 自动感知安全区域
  • 更好的性能(无需额外的布局遍历)
  • 类型安全的边缘指定

实际影响:在 iPhone 15 Pro 上使用 .padding() 而不是 .safeAreaPadding() 会导致内容:

  • 撞上灵动岛(顶部)
  • 与主屏幕指示条重叠(底部)
  • 被屏幕圆角裁切(圆角边缘)

尺寸类别

用于指示水平和垂直尺寸特征的环境值。

读取尺寸类别
struct AdaptiveView: View {
    @Environment(\.horizontalSizeClass) var horizontalSizeClass
    @Environment(\.verticalSizeClass) var verticalSizeClass

    var body: some View {
        if horizontalSizeClass == .compact {
            compactLayout
        } else {
            regularLayout
        }
    }
}
尺寸类别值
enum UserInterfaceSizeClass {
    case compact    // Constrained space
    case regular    // Ample space
}
平台行为

iPhone:

方向水平垂直
竖屏.compact.regular
横屏(小尺寸).compact.compact
横屏(Plus/Max).regular.compact

iPad:

配置水平垂直
任意全屏.regular.regular
70% 分屏视图.regular.regular
50% 分屏视图.regular.regular
33% 分屏视图.compact.regular
滑动悬浮.compact.regular
覆盖尺寸类别
content
    .environment(\.horizontalSizeClass, .compact)

动态字体大小

用于表示用户首选文本大小的环境值。

读取动态字体大小
@Environment(\.dynamicTypeSize) var dynamicTypeSize

var body: some View {
    if dynamicTypeSize.isAccessibilitySize {
        accessibleLayout
    } else {
        standardLayout
    }
}
大小类别
enum DynamicTypeSize: Comparable {
    case xSmall
    case small
    case medium
    case large           // Default
    case xLarge
    case xxLarge
    case xxxLarge
    case accessibility1  // isAccessibilitySize = true
    case accessibility2
    case accessibility3
    case accessibility4
    case accessibility5
}
缩放度量
@ScaledMetric var iconSize: CGFloat = 24
@ScaledMetric(relativeTo: .largeTitle) var headerSize: CGFloat = 44

Image(systemName: "star")
    .frame(width: iconSize, height: iconSize)

iOS 26 窗口 API

窗口调整大小锚点
WindowGroup {
    ContentView()
}
.windowResizeAnchor(.topLeading)  // Resize originates from top-left
.windowResizeAnchor(.center)      // Resize from center
菜单栏命令(iPad)
@main
struct MyApp: App {
    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            ContentView()
        }
        .commands {
            CommandMenu("View") {
                Button("Show Sidebar") {
                    showSidebar.toggle()
                }
                .keyboardShortcut("s", modifiers: [.command, .option])

                Divider()

                Button("Zoom In") { zoom += 0.1 }
                    .keyboardShortcut("+")
                Button("Zoom Out") { zoom -= 0.1 }
                    .keyboardShortcut("-")
            }
        }
    }
}
NavigationSplitView 列控制
// iOS 26: Automatic column visibility
NavigationSplitView {
    Sidebar()
} content: {
    ContentList()
} detail: {
    DetailView()
}
// Columns auto-hide/show based on available width

// Manual control (when needed)
@State private var columnVisibility: NavigationSplitViewVisibility = .all

NavigationSplitView(columnVisibility: $columnVisibility) {
    Sidebar()
} detail: {
    DetailView()
}
场景阶段
@Environment(\.scenePhase) var scenePhase

var body: some View {
    content
        .onChange(of: scenePhase) { oldPhase, newPhase in
            switch newPhase {
            case .active:
                // Window is visible and interactive
            case .inactive:
                // Window is visible but not interactive
            case .background:
                // Window is not visible
            }
        }
}

坐标空间

内置坐标空间
// Global (screen coordinates)
proxy.frame(in: .global)

// Local (view's own bounds)
proxy.frame(in: .local)

// Named (custom)
proxy.frame(in: .named("mySpace"))
创建命名空间
ScrollView {
    content
        .onGeometryChange(for: CGFloat.self) { proxy in
            proxy.frame(in: .named("scroll")).minY
        } action: { offset in
            scrollOffset = offset
        }
}
.coordinateSpace(name: "scroll")

// iOS 17+ typed coordinate space
extension CoordinateSpaceProtocol where Self == NamedCoordinateSpace {
    static var scroll: Self { .named("scroll") }
}

ScrollView 几何信息(iOS 18 及更高版本)

onScrollGeometryChange
ScrollView {
    content
}
.onScrollGeometryChange(for: CGFloat.self) { geometry in
    geometry.contentOffset.y
} action: { offset in
    scrollOffset = offset
}
ScrollGeometry 属性
.onScrollGeometryChange(for: ScrollGeometry.self) { $0 } action: { geo in
    let offset = geo.contentOffset      // Current scroll position
    let size = geo.contentSize          // Total content size
    let visible = geo.visibleRect       // Currently visible rect
    let insets = geo.contentInsets      // Content insets
}

惰性容器注意事项

回收行为

LazyVStack 和 LazyHStack 会按需创建视图,并在视图滚出屏幕时回收它们。这意味着:

  • 视图标识很重要:如果单元格在快速滚动时闪烁或消失,说明视图标识不稳定。请为项目使用显式的 .id()。
  • onAppear/onDisappear 会反复触发:视图会随着滚动而创建和销毁。不要将它们用于一次性设置。
  • 回收时状态会重置:惰性项目中的 @State 在回收时会重置。请将状态提升到模型层。
// ❌ Items flash during fast scroll — unstable identity
LazyVStack {
    ForEach(Array(items.enumerated()), id: \.offset) { index, item in
        ItemRow(item: item)  // Identity changes when array mutates
    }
}

// ✅ Stable identity prevents flash/disappear
LazyVStack {
    ForEach(items) { item in  // Uses item.id (Identifiable)
        ItemRow(item: item)
    }
}
不要使用惰性容器的情况
场景改用原因
少于 50 个项目VStack / HStack无回收开销,更简单
嵌套在另一个惰性容器中VStack(内部)嵌套惰性容器会导致布局问题
需要预先测量所有项目VStack惰性容器不知道总尺寸

资源

WWDC:2025-208、2024-10074、2022-10056

文档:/swiftui/layout、/swiftui/viewthatfits

技能:axiom-swiftui-layout、axiom-swiftui-debugging

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