code-refactoring

代码重构

重构原则

何时重构

• 添加新功能之前（先让改动更容易，再轻松地进行改动）
• 测试通过之后（红-绿-重构）
• 发现代码异味时
• 根据代码审查反馈进行重构时

何时不应重构

• 没有测试覆盖代码时
• 截止时间紧迫且没有安全保障时
• 即将被替换的代码
• 不理解代码作用时

常见代码异味

过长的方法

// BEFORE: Method doing too much
function processOrder(order: Order) {
  // 100 lines of validation, calculation, notification, logging...
}

// AFTER: Extract into focused methods
function processOrder(order: Order) {
  validateOrder(order);
  const total = calculateTotal(order);
  saveOrder(order, total);
  notifyCustomer(order);
}

过深嵌套的条件语句

// BEFORE: Arrow code
function getDiscount(user: User, order: Order) {
  if (user) {
    if (user.isPremium) {
      if (order.total > 100) {
        if (order.items.length > 5) {
          return 0.2;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

// AFTER: Early returns (guard clauses)
function getDiscount(user: User, order: Order) {
  if (!user) return 0;
  if (!user.isPremium) return 0;
  if (order.total <= 100) return 0;
  if (order.items.length <= 5) return 0;
  return 0.2;
}

基本类型偏执

// BEFORE: Primitives everywhere
function createUser(name: string, email: string, phone: string) {
  if (!email.includes('@')) throw new Error('Invalid email');
  // more validation...
}

// AFTER: Value objects
class Email {
  constructor(private value: string) {
    if (!value.includes('@')) throw new Error('Invalid email');
  }
  toString() { return this.value; }
}

function createUser(name: string, email: Email, phone: Phone) {
  // Email is already validated
}

过度依赖其他类的特性

// BEFORE: Method uses another object's data extensively
function calculateShipping(order: Order) {
  const address = order.customer.address;
  const weight = order.items.reduce((sum, i) => sum + i.weight, 0);
  const distance = calculateDistance(address.zip);
  return weight * distance * 0.01;
}

// AFTER: Move method to where the data is
class Order {
  calculateShipping() {
    return this.totalWeight * this.customer.shippingDistance * 0.01;
  }
}

重构技巧

提取方法

// Identify a code block that does one thing
// Move it to a new method with a descriptive name
// Replace original code with method call

function printReport(data: ReportData) {
  // Extract this block...
  const header = `Report: ${data.title}\nDate: ${data.date}\n${'='.repeat(40)}`;
  console.log(header);

  // ...into a method
  printHeader(data);
}

用多态替换条件语句

// BEFORE: Switch on type
function getArea(shape: Shape) {
  switch (shape.type) {
    case 'circle': return Math.PI * shape.radius ** 2;
    case 'rectangle': return shape.width * shape.height;
    case 'triangle': return shape.base * shape.height / 2;
  }
}

// AFTER: Polymorphic classes
interface Shape {
  getArea(): number;
}

class Circle implements Shape {
  constructor(private radius: number) {}
  getArea() { return Math.PI * this.radius ** 2; }
}

class Rectangle implements Shape {
  constructor(private width: number, private height: number) {}
  getArea() { return this.width * this.height; }
}

引入参数对象

// BEFORE: Too many parameters
function searchProducts(
  query: string,
  minPrice: number,
  maxPrice: number,
  category: string,
  inStock: boolean,
  sortBy: string,
  sortOrder: string
) { ... }

// AFTER: Parameter object
interface SearchParams {
  query: string;
  priceRange: { min: number; max: number };
  category?: string;
  inStock?: boolean;
  sort?: { by: string; order: 'asc' | 'desc' };
}

function searchProducts(params: SearchParams) { ... }

用常量替换魔法数字

// BEFORE
if (user.age >= 18 && order.total >= 50) {
  applyDiscount(order, 0.1);
}

// AFTER
const MINIMUM_AGE = 18;
const DISCOUNT_THRESHOLD = 50;
const STANDARD_DISCOUNT = 0.1;

if (user.age >= MINIMUM_AGE && order.total >= DISCOUNT_THRESHOLD) {
  applyDiscount(order, STANDARD_DISCOUNT);
}

安全的重构流程

1. 确保存在测试 - 如果没有测试，就编写测试
2. 进行小幅改动 - 每次只做一项重构
3. 每次改动后运行测试 - 立即发现回归问题
4. 频繁提交 - 出现问题时便于回滚
5. 检查差异 - 确保行为没有改变

重构检查清单

• 开始前测试通过
• 每项改动都小而专注
• 每次改动后测试通过
• 行为没有改变（仅结构发生变化）
• 代码比之前更易读
• 提交信息说明了重构内容