db

数据库管理器

跨 SQLite、PostgreSQL 和 MySQL 查询和管理数据库。

前置条件

按需安装数据库命令行工具：

# SQLite (usually pre-installed on macOS/Linux)
sqlite3 --version

# PostgreSQL
brew install postgresql
# or
apt install postgresql-client

# MySQL
brew install mysql-client
# or
apt install mysql-client

命令行参考

SQLite

# Connect to database
sqlite3 database.db

# Execute query
sqlite3 database.db "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10"

# Output as CSV
sqlite3 -csv database.db "SELECT * FROM users"

# Output as JSON (requires sqlite 3.33+)
sqlite3 -json database.db "SELECT * FROM users"

# Column headers
sqlite3 -header database.db "SELECT * FROM users"

# Execute SQL file
sqlite3 database.db < queries.sql

# Schema commands
sqlite3 database.db ".schema"
sqlite3 database.db ".tables"
sqlite3 database.db ".schema users"

PostgreSQL

# Connect
psql postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/dbname

# Execute query
psql -c "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10" postgresql://...

# Tuples only (no headers)
psql -t -c "SELECT count(*) FROM users" postgresql://...

# No alignment (machine-readable)
psql -t -A -c "SELECT id,name FROM users" postgresql://...

# Execute SQL file
psql -f queries.sql postgresql://...

# List tables
psql -c "\dt" postgresql://...

# Describe table
psql -c "\d users" postgresql://...

# Output format
psql -c "SELECT * FROM users" --csv postgresql://...
psql -c "SELECT * FROM users" --html postgresql://...

MySQL

# Connect
mysql -h host -u user -p dbname

# Execute query
mysql -h host -u user -p -e "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10" dbname

# Batch mode (no headers)
mysql -h host -u user -p -B -e "SELECT * FROM users" dbname

# Execute SQL file
mysql -h host -u user -p dbname < queries.sql

# Show tables
mysql -h host -u user -p -e "SHOW TABLES" dbname

# Describe table
mysql -h host -u user -p -e "DESCRIBE users" dbname

常见操作

架构检查

SQLite

# All tables
sqlite3 db.sqlite ".tables"

# Table schema
sqlite3 db.sqlite ".schema tablename"

# All schemas
sqlite3 db.sqlite ".schema"

PostgreSQL

# All tables
psql -c "\dt" $DATABASE_URL

# Table schema
psql -c "\d tablename" $DATABASE_URL

# Table with indexes
psql -c "\d+ tablename" $DATABASE_URL

MySQL

# All tables
mysql -e "SHOW TABLES" -h host -u user -p dbname

# Table schema
mysql -e "DESCRIBE tablename" -h host -u user -p dbname

# Create statement
mysql -e "SHOW CREATE TABLE tablename" -h host -u user -p dbname

查询解释

# SQLite
sqlite3 db.sqlite "EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'x'"

# PostgreSQL
psql -c "EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'x'" $DATABASE_URL

# MySQL
mysql -e "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'x'" dbname

数据导出

# SQLite to CSV
sqlite3 -csv -header db.sqlite "SELECT * FROM users" > users.csv

# PostgreSQL to CSV
psql -c "\COPY users TO 'users.csv' CSV HEADER" $DATABASE_URL

# MySQL to CSV
mysql -e "SELECT * FROM users" -B dbname | tr '\t' ',' > users.csv

AI 辅助查询生成

使用 Gemini 帮助编写查询：

# Describe what you want
gemini -m pro -o text -e "" "Write a SQL query to:
- Find all users who signed up in the last 30 days
- Who have made at least one purchase
- Order by purchase count descending

Table schemas:
- users (id, email, created_at)
- purchases (id, user_id, amount, created_at)

Output PostgreSQL-compatible SQL."

安全查询审查

# Generate query
QUERY=$(gemini -m pro -o text -e "" "Write SQL for: [your request]")

# Review before executing
echo "Generated query:"
echo "$QUERY"

# Then execute if safe
# psql -c "$QUERY" $DATABASE_URL

迁移模式

架构变更

# Create migration file
cat > migrations/001_add_column.sql << 'EOF'
ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN status VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'active';
EOF

# Apply migration
psql -f migrations/001_add_column.sql $DATABASE_URL

安全迁移工作流

# 1. Test on copy first
createdb test_migration
pg_dump $DATABASE_URL | psql test_migration

# 2. Run migration on test
psql -f migration.sql test_migration

# 3. Verify
psql -c "\d tablename" test_migration

# 4. Apply to production
psql -f migration.sql $DATABASE_URL

# 5. Cleanup
dropdb test_migration

环境变量

安全存储连接字符串：

# .env file (don't commit!)
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/dbname
SQLITE_DB=./data/app.db

# Usage
psql $DATABASE_URL
sqlite3 $SQLITE_DB

最佳实践

1. 切勿硬编码凭据 - 使用环境变量
2. 审查 AI 生成的查询 - 在执行之前
3. 使用 EXPLAIN - 检查查询性能
4. 测试迁移 - 在生产环境之前在副本上测试
5. 变更前备份 - 尤其是破坏性变更
6. 使用事务 - 用于多语句变更
7. 限制结果 - 探索时始终使用 LIMIT