design-thinking

设计思维

何时使用此技能

适用于以下场景：

• 设计思维任务 - 运用以人为本的创新设计思维方法。涵盖 IDEO／斯坦福 d.school 的 5 阶段方法（共情、定义、构思、原型、测试），包括工作坊引导和练习模板
• 规划或设计 - 需要设计思维方法方面的指导
• 最佳实践 - 希望遵循成熟的模式和标准

概述

一种以人为本的创新方法，将人们的需求、技术的可能性以及业务成功的要求融为一体。

什么是设计思维？

设计思维是由 IDEO 开发并在斯坦福 d.school 教授的一种问题解决方法。它强调理解用户、挑战假设、重新定义问题，并通过反复制作原型和测试来创造创新解决方案。

核心原则

原则	说明
以人为本	从人出发，而不是从技术或流程出发
拥抱模糊性	在早期阶段从容面对不确定性
注重行动	通过实践学习，而不只是思考
深度协作	跨职能协作，汇聚多元视角
快速迭代	快速试错、快速学习、快速改进

5 个阶段

┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐  ┌─────────┐
│         │  │         │  │         │  │         │  │         │
│EMPATHIZE│→│ DEFINE  │→│ IDEATE  │→│PROTOTYPE│→│  TEST   │
│         │  │         │  │         │  │         │  │         │
│Understand│  │Frame the│  │Generate │  │Build to │  │Learn &  │
│the user │  │problem  │  │ideas    │  │learn    │  │refine   │
└─────────┘  └─────────┘  └─────────┘  └─────────┘  └─────────┘
     ▲                                                    │
     └────────────────── Iterate ─────────────────────────┘

各阶段的特点

阶段	模式	关键问题	产出
共情	发散	用户正在经历什么？	洞察、观察
定义	收敛	核心问题是什么？	POV 陈述
构思	发散	有哪些可能的解决方案？	想法、概念
原型	收敛	如何将其具象化？	原型
测试	学习	哪些有效，哪些无效？	经验证的学习成果

阶段 1：共情

深入了解用户及其体验。

共情方法

方法	时长	参与者	最适用场景
用户访谈	30-60 min	1:1	深入了解个人情况
观察	数小时至数天	实地工作	自然行为
共情地图	15-30 min	工作坊	综合研究成果
用户旅程图	1-2 小时	工作坊	可视化体验
跟随观察	半天	实地工作	了解工作流

共情地图模板

## Empathy Map: [User/Persona Name]

### Says
[Direct quotes from interviews/observation]
- "[Quote 1]"
- "[Quote 2]"

### Thinks
[What might they be thinking? Hopes/fears?]
- [Thought 1]
- [Thought 2]

### Does
[Actions and behaviors observed]
- [Behavior 1]
- [Behavior 2]

### Feels
[Emotional state, what worries/excites them]
- [Emotion 1]
- [Emotion 2]

### Pains
[Frustrations, obstacles, risks]
- [Pain 1]
- [Pain 2]

### Gains
[Wants, needs, measures of success]
- [Gain 1]
- [Gain 2]

访谈指南结构

## User Interview Guide

**Duration:** 45-60 minutes
**Objective:** [What we want to learn]

### Opening (5 min)
- Introduce yourself and purpose
- Explain confidentiality, recording consent
- "There are no right or wrong answers"

### Context (10 min)
- Tell me about your role/day-to-day
- How long have you been doing [X]?
- Walk me through a typical [scenario]

### Deep Dive (25 min)
- Tell me about a time when [specific experience]
- What was the most challenging part?
- What did you try? What happened?
- How did that make you feel?

### Needs & Desires (10 min)
- If you could wave a magic wand, what would change?
- What would that enable you to do?
- What does success look like for you?

### Closing (5 min)
- Is there anything else you'd like to share?
- Can we follow up if we have questions?

阶段 2：定义

综合观察结果，明确真正的问题。

观点（POV）陈述

## POV Statement

**User:** [Specific user type/persona]

**Need:** [Verb - what they need to do]

**Insight:** [Because - surprising insight about why]

---

**Full Statement:**
[User] needs to [need] because [insight].

**Example:**
A busy working parent needs to quickly prepare healthy meals
because they want to model good eating habits for their children
but feel guilty about the time-cost tradeoff.

我们如何才能（HMW）问题

将 POV 转化为可行动的机会陈述：

## How Might We Questions

**POV:** [Your POV statement]

### HMW Brainstorm

Generate HMW questions by asking:

| Lens | Question | HMW |
|------|----------|-----|
| **Amplify the good** | What's working? | HMW do more of [good thing]? |
| **Remove the bad** | What's painful? | HMW eliminate [pain point]? |
| **Explore the opposite** | What if we flipped it? | HMW [opposite approach]? |
| **Question assumptions** | What's assumed? | HMW if [assumption] wasn't true? |
| **Change status quo** | What's expected? | HMW change when/where/who? |
| **Break it into parts** | What are components? | HMW address just [component]? |

### Selected HMW Questions
1. HMW [question 1]?
2. HMW [question 2]?
3. HMW [question 3]?

**Priority HMW:** [The one to ideate on]

阶段 3：构思

生成各种各样的创意解决方案。

构思规则

规则	说明
暂缓评判	头脑风暴期间不批评
追求数量	想法越多，点子越好
在他人想法的基础上拓展	“是的，而且……”
鼓励大胆设想	放开思路，不设限制
视觉化表达	画草图，不要只靠口头讨论
聚焦一场对话	倾听、拓展、接续发挥
保持专注	将 HMW 问题放在显眼处

头脑风暴会议模板

## Ideation Session

**HMW:** [The How Might We question]
**Duration:** 30-45 minutes
**Participants:** [Names]

### Warm-Up (5 min)
[Quick creative exercise to loosen up]

### Silent Brainstorm (10 min)
- Write one idea per sticky note
- Work individually
- Aim for 10+ ideas each

### Share & Build (15 min)
- Share ideas one by one
- Build on others' ideas
- No criticism, only "Yes, and..."

### Cluster & Theme (10 min)
- Group similar ideas
- Name each cluster
- Identify promising directions

### Ideas Generated
| Cluster | Ideas | Count |
|---------|-------|-------|
| [Theme 1] | [List] | [N] |
| [Theme 2] | [List] | [N] |

### Top Ideas to Prototype
1. [Idea 1]
2. [Idea 2]
3. [Idea 3]

构思技巧

技巧	说明	适用时机
经典头脑风暴	自由联想	作为起点
脑写法	静默书写想法	安静的群体／远程群体
SCAMPER	替代、组合、调整、修改、另作他用、消除、反转	改进现有方案
类比	X 会如何解决这个问题？	打破思维定式
最糟糕的想法	故意提出糟糕的想法	陷入瓶颈时
混搭	组合无关的概念	激进创新

阶段 4：原型

快速、低成本地制作实体呈现，以便学习。

原型理念

“如果一张图片胜过千言万语，那么一个原型就胜过千场会议。” — IDEO

原型类型

类型	保真度	时间	适用场景
纸上草图	很低	几分钟	最初的探索
故事板	低	30 分钟	用户旅程、场景
纸上原型	低	1-2 小时	屏幕流程、UI
角色扮演	低	30 分钟	服务体验
绿野仙踪原型	中	数小时	复杂交互
可点击模型	中	数天	数字产品
实体模型	不定	不定	实体产品

原型规划模板

## Prototype Plan

**Concept:** [What we're prototyping]
**Goal:** [What we want to learn]
**Audience:** [Who will test it]

### What to Prototype
- **Include:** [Essential elements to test]
- **Exclude:** [What we won't build yet]

### Prototype Type
**Type:** [Paper/Digital/Physical/Role-play]
**Fidelity:** [Low/Medium/High]
**Time to Build:** [Duration]

### Materials Needed
- [Material 1]
- [Material 2]

### Key Questions to Answer
1. [Question 1]
2. [Question 2]
3. [Question 3]

### Success Criteria
- [How we'll know it worked]

故事板模板

## Storyboard: [Concept Name]

### Scene 1: [Setup]
[Sketch/Description]
**What's happening:** [Action]
**User says/thinks:** "[Quote]"

### Scene 2: [Trigger]
[Sketch/Description]
**What's happening:** [Action]
**User says/thinks:** "[Quote]"

### Scene 3: [Interaction]
[Sketch/Description]
**What's happening:** [Action]
**User says/thinks:** "[Quote]"

### Scene 4: [Resolution]
[Sketch/Description]
**What's happening:** [Action]
**User says/thinks:** "[Quote]"

阶段 5：测试

了解哪些方法有效、哪些无效，并不断迭代。

测试原则

原则	描述
展示，而非讲述	让原型自己说明
创造体验	让用户参与互动，而不只是观看
追问“为什么？”	深入了解用户的反应
拥抱失败	每次测试都会带来启发
迭代	构建-测试-学习循环

测试会议模板

## Test Session

**Prototype:** [Name/Version]
**Participant:** [Code or name]
**Date:** [ISO date]

### Introduction
"We're testing a concept, not you. There are no wrong answers.
Please think out loud as you interact with this."

### Scenario
[Context to set up the test]

### Observations

| Moment | Observation | Quote | Insight |
|--------|-------------|-------|---------|
| [When] | [What happened] | "[Said]" | [Meaning] |

### Key Learnings
1. [Learning 1]
2. [Learning 2]
3. [Learning 3]

### What to Keep
- [Element that worked]

### What to Change
- [Element to modify]

### Questions Raised
- [New question to explore]

迭代框架

## Iteration Review

**Prototype Version:** [N]
**Tests Conducted:** [Number]

### Synthesis

| Finding | Frequency | Severity | Action |
|---------|-----------|----------|--------|
| [Finding] | [X/N] | H/M/L | Keep/Change/Remove |

### Next Iteration

**Priority Changes:**
1. [Change 1]
2. [Change 2]

**Hypothesis to Test:**
If we [change], then [expected outcome] because [reason].

工作坊议程模板

半天工作坊（4 小时）

## Design Thinking Workshop

**Duration:** 4 hours
**Participants:** 6-12 people

### Agenda

**0:00 - 0:15** Welcome & Icebreaker
- Introductions
- Creative warm-up

**0:15 - 0:45** Empathy Share (30 min)
- Share research/interviews
- Empathy mapping exercise

**0:45 - 1:15** Define (30 min)
- Synthesize insights
- Create POV statements
- Generate HMW questions

**1:15 - 1:30** Break (15 min)

**1:30 - 2:15** Ideate (45 min)
- Brainstorming
- Clustering
- Voting

**2:15 - 3:15** Prototype (60 min)
- Teams build low-fi prototypes
- Prepare to present

**3:15 - 3:45** Share & Feedback (30 min)
- Each team presents
- Group feedback

**3:45 - 4:00** Wrap-up (15 min)
- Key decisions
- Next steps

全天冲刺（8 小时）

## Design Sprint (1-Day)

**Duration:** 8 hours (condensed from 5-day sprint)
**Participants:** 5-8 people cross-functional

### Morning: Understand & Define

**9:00 - 9:30** Set the stage
- Sprint goal
- Challenge statement

**9:30 - 10:30** Expert interviews / Lightning talks
- Stakeholder perspectives
- User insights

**10:30 - 11:00** How Might We
- Generate HMW from insights
- Vote on priority

**11:00 - 12:00** Sketch solutions
- Individual crazy 8s
- Solution sketches

### Afternoon: Build & Test

**12:00 - 1:00** Lunch

**1:00 - 1:30** Decide
- Critique sketches
- Vote
- Decide what to prototype

**1:30 - 4:00** Prototype
- Build testable prototype
- Prepare test script

**4:00 - 5:00** Test
- 3-5 user tests
- Capture feedback

**5:00 - 5:30** Debrief
- What we learned
- Next steps

与其他方法的集成

上游

• 用户研究 - 为共情阶段提供输入
• 利益相关方分析 - 确定访谈对象
• 战略分析 - 为创新提供业务背景

下游

• 精益创业 - 构建-衡量-学习循环
• 敏捷开发 - 迭代式实现
• 商业模式画布 - 对解决方案进行建模

.NET/C# 上下文

将设计思维应用于软件产品时：

// Example: Tracking Design Thinking sessions
public class DesignThinkingSession
{
    public Guid Id { get; init; }
    public required string ChallengeName { get; init; }
    public required DesignPhase CurrentPhase { get; init; }
    public required string HowMightWe { get; init; }
    public DateTimeOffset Created { get; init; }

    public List<EmpathyInsight> Insights { get; } = [];
    public PointOfView? Pov { get; set; }
    public List<Idea> Ideas { get; } = [];
    public List<Prototype> Prototypes { get; } = [];
    public List<TestResult> Tests { get; } = [];
}

public enum DesignPhase
{
    Empathize,
    Define,
    Ideate,
    Prototype,
    Test
}

public record EmpathyInsight(
    string Observation,
    string UserQuote,
    string Interpretation
);

public record PointOfView(
    string User,
    string Need,
    string Insight
);

public record Idea(
    string Title,
    string Description,
    int Votes,
    string Cluster
);

相关技能

• stakeholder-analysis - 确定访谈对象
• journey-mapping - 共情阶段可视化
• business-model-canvas - 对解决方案进行建模
• prioritization - 选择要制作原型的创意

版本历史

• v1.0.0（2025-12-26）：首次发布