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dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection

dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection

github.com/wshaddix开发86116 次安装35 周前更新
代码仓库

关于 dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection

面向使用 Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection 构建 .NET 应用的开发者,介绍服务生命周期、注册和解析模式,以及托管服务。还涵盖 keyed services、装饰器和作用域验证。

主要功能

  1. 01服务生命周期与依赖关系
  2. 02工厂委托和多实现注册
  3. 03net8.0+ keyed services
  4. 04装饰器注册模式
  5. 05托管服务与作用域验证

适用场景

  1. 01避免单例捕获短生命周期服务
  2. 02按键注册和解析服务实现
  3. 03为服务添加日志或缓存装饰器
  4. 04为后台服务创建依赖注入作用域

安装

复制下面的命令,在终端中运行。

$npx skills add https://github.com/wshaddix/dotnet-skills --skill dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection

安装后在 Claude Code 中输入/dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection确认已加载。

详细介绍

dotnet-csharp-dependency-injection

适用于 .NET 应用程序的高级 Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection 模式。涵盖服务生命周期、键控服务(net8.0+)、装饰、工厂委托、作用域验证和托管服务注册。

交叉引用:[skill:dotnet-csharp-async-patterns],了解 BackgroundService 异步模式;[skill:dotnet-csharp-configuration],了解 IOptions<T> 绑定。


服务生命周期

生命周期注册方式适用场景
瞬态AddTransient<T>()轻量、无状态的服务。每次注入时创建新实例。
作用域AddScoped<T>()每个请求的状态(EF Core DbContext、工作单元)。
单例AddSingleton<T>()线程安全、无状态或共享状态(缓存、配置)。
生命周期不匹配(被俘获的依赖)

切勿将生命周期较短的服务注入生命周期较长的服务:

// WRONG -- scoped DbContext captured in singleton = same context for all requests
builder.Services.AddSingleton<OrderService>();    // singleton
builder.Services.AddScoped<AppDbContext>();        // scoped -- CAPTIVE!

// CORRECT -- use IServiceScopeFactory in singletons
public sealed class OrderService(IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
{
    public async Task ProcessAsync(CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
        var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();
        await db.Orders.Where(o => o.IsPending).ToListAsync(ct);
    }
}
启用作用域验证(开发环境)
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
// In Development, ValidateScopes is already true by default.
// For non-web hosts:
var host = Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
    .UseDefaultServiceProvider(options =>
    {
        options.ValidateScopes = true;
        options.ValidateOnBuild = true;  // Validates all registrations at startup
    })
    .Build();

注册模式

接口-实现配对
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();
多个实现
// Register multiple implementations
builder.Services.AddScoped<INotifier, EmailNotifier>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<INotifier, SmsNotifier>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<INotifier, PushNotifier>();

// Inject all -- order matches registration order
public sealed class CompositeNotifier(IEnumerable<INotifier> notifiers)
{
    public async Task NotifyAsync(string message, CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        foreach (var notifier in notifiers)
        {
            await notifier.NotifyAsync(message, ct);
        }
    }
}
工厂委托
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderService>(sp =>
{
    var repo = sp.GetRequiredService<IOrderRepository>();
    var logger = sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<OrderService>>();
    var options = sp.GetRequiredService<IOptions<OrderOptions>>();
    return new OrderService(repo, logger, options.Value.MaxRetries);
});
库注册使用 TryAdd

库应使用 TryAdd,以便应用程序可以覆盖注册:

// Library code -- won't overwrite app registrations
builder.Services.TryAddScoped<IOrderRepository, DefaultOrderRepository>();

// Application code -- takes precedence if registered first
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, CustomOrderRepository>();

键控服务(net8.0+)

通过键注册和解析服务,取代命名服务模式。

// Registration
builder.Services.AddKeyedScoped<ICache, RedisCache>("distributed");
builder.Services.AddKeyedScoped<ICache, MemoryCache>("local");

// Injection via attribute
public sealed class OrderService(
    [FromKeyedServices("distributed")] ICache distributedCache,
    [FromKeyedServices("local")] ICache localCache)
{
    public async Task<Order?> GetAsync(int id, CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        // Check local cache first, then distributed
        return await localCache.GetAsync<Order>(id.ToString(), ct)
            ?? await distributedCache.GetAsync<Order>(id.ToString(), ct);
    }
}

// Manual resolution
var cache = sp.GetRequiredKeyedService<ICache>("distributed");

仅适用于 net8.0+。 对于更早的 TFM,请使用工厂模式或基于字典的方案。


装饰模式

内置容器不原生支持装饰。可使用以下方法之一:

手动装饰
builder.Services.AddScoped<SqlOrderRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository>(sp =>
{
    var inner = sp.GetRequiredService<SqlOrderRepository>();
    var logger = sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<LoggingOrderRepository>>();
    return new LoggingOrderRepository(inner, logger);
});

public sealed class LoggingOrderRepository(
    IOrderRepository inner,
    ILogger<LoggingOrderRepository> logger) : IOrderRepository
{
    public async Task<Order?> GetByIdAsync(int id, CancellationToken ct = default)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Getting order {OrderId}", id);
        return await inner.GetByIdAsync(id, ct);
    }
}
Scrutor 库(常用替代方案)
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();
builder.Services.Decorate<IOrderRepository, LoggingOrderRepository>();
builder.Services.Decorate<IOrderRepository, CachingOrderRepository>();
// Outer -> CachingOrderRepository -> LoggingOrderRepository -> SqlOrderRepository

托管服务和后台工作程序

BackgroundService(首选)
public sealed class QueueProcessorWorker(
    IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
    ILogger<QueueProcessorWorker> logger) : BackgroundService
{
    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Queue processor starting");

        while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            try
            {
                using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
                var processor = scope.ServiceProvider
                    .GetRequiredService<IQueueProcessor>();

                await processor.ProcessNextBatchAsync(stoppingToken);
            }
            catch (Exception ex) when (ex is not OperationCanceledException)
            {
                logger.LogError(ex, "Error processing queue batch");
            }

            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), stoppingToken);
        }
    }
}

// Registration
builder.Services.AddHostedService<QueueProcessorWorker>();
IHostedService(启动/关闭钩子)
public sealed class DatabaseMigrationService(
    IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
    ILogger<DatabaseMigrationService> logger) : IHostedService
{
    public async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        using var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope();
        var db = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>();
        await db.Database.MigrateAsync(cancellationToken);
        logger.LogInformation("Database migration completed");
    }

    public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) => Task.CompletedTask;
}

builder.Services.AddHostedService<DatabaseMigrationService>();
托管服务的关键规则
  • 始终使用 IServiceScopeFactory 创建作用域——托管服务是单例
  • 切勿将作用域服务直接注入托管服务构造函数
  • 在 ExecuteAsync 中处理异常——未处理的异常会导致宿主停止(net8.0+)
  • 有关后台工作程序中的异步模式,请参阅 [skill:dotnet-csharp-async-patterns]

组织注册

将相关注册归入扩展方法,使 Program.cs 更简洁:

// ServiceCollectionExtensions.cs
public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddOrderServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();
        services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
        services.AddHostedService<OrderProcessorWorker>();
        return services;
    }

    public static IServiceCollection AddNotificationServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddScoped<INotifier, EmailNotifier>();
        services.AddScoped<INotifier, SmsNotifier>();
        return services;
    }
}

// Program.cs
builder.Services.AddOrderServices();
builder.Services.AddNotificationServices();

使用 DI 进行测试

[Fact]
public async Task OrderService_UsesRepository()
{
    // Arrange -- build a service provider for integration tests
    var services = new ServiceCollection();
    services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, InMemoryOrderRepository>();
    services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
    services.AddLogging();

    using var provider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
    using var scope = provider.CreateScope();
    var service = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderService>();

    // Act
    var order = await service.GetByIdAsync(1);

    // Assert
    Assert.NotNull(order);
}

对于单元测试,建议使用模拟对象直接进行构造函数注入,而不是构建完整容器。


参考资料

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