dotnet-install

.NET 安装技能

自动安装 .NET SDK 和运行时，具备智能平台检测、版本管理和故障排除指导功能。

快速入门

检查当前安装

dotnet --version
# Output: 8.0.100

dotnet --list-sdks
# Output: 8.0.100 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]

dotnet --list-runtimes
# Output: Microsoft.NETCore.App 8.0.0 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/shared/Microsoft.NETCore.App]

平台检测

此技能会自动检测你的操作系统，并推荐最佳安装方式：

# Detected: macOS 14.2 (arm64)
# Recommended: Official installer package (.pkg)
# Alternative: Homebrew (brew install dotnet)

快速安装（推荐方式）

Windows（WinGet）：

# Install .NET 8 SDK (LTS)
winget install Microsoft.DotNet.SDK.8

# Verify installation
dotnet --version
# Output: 8.0.100

macOS（官方安装程序）：

# Download and install from:
# https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/8.0

# Or use Homebrew:
brew install dotnet

# Verify installation
dotnet --version
# Output: 8.0.100

Linux（Ubuntu/Debian）：

# Add Microsoft package repository
wget https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/22.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb -O packages-microsoft-prod.deb
sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb
rm packages-microsoft-prod.deb

# Install .NET 8 SDK
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y dotnet-sdk-8.0

# Verify installation
dotnet --version
# Output: 8.0.100

SDK 与运行时的选择

在以下情况下安装 SDK：

• 构建应用程序
• 本地开发
• 运行 dotnet build 或 dotnet run
• 需要完整的工具链

仅在以下情况下安装运行时：

• 部署生产应用程序
• 运行预编译的应用程序
• 尽量减小安装体积
• 生产服务器

# Install SDK (includes runtime)
sudo apt-get install dotnet-sdk-8.0

# Install runtime only (smaller)
sudo apt-get install aspnetcore-runtime-8.0  # For ASP.NET Core apps
sudo apt-get install dotnet-runtime-8.0      # For console apps

实用指南

Windows 安装方式

方式 1：WinGet（推荐）

# List available .NET versions
winget search Microsoft.DotNet.SDK

# Install .NET 8 SDK (LTS)
winget install Microsoft.DotNet.SDK.8

# Install specific version
winget install Microsoft.DotNet.SDK.8 --version 8.0.100

# Update existing installation
winget upgrade Microsoft.DotNet.SDK.8

方式 2：Visual Studio 安装程序

# Visual Studio 2022 detected at: C:\Program Files\Visual Studio\2022\Community
# .NET 8 SDK available via: Modify Installation → .NET desktop development

安装步骤：

1. 启动 Visual Studio 安装程序
2. 点击安装项上的“修改”
3. 选择“.NET 桌面开发”工作负载
4. 应用更改

方式 3：独立安装程序

# Download: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/8.0
# File: dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-win-x64.exe
# SHA512: [verification hash]

# Run installer (GUI)
.\dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-win-x64.exe

# Or silent install
.\dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-win-x64.exe /install /quiet /norestart

方式 4：PowerShell 脚本

# Download install script
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri https://dot.net/v1/dotnet-install.ps1 -OutFile dotnet-install.ps1

# Install latest .NET 8 SDK
.\dotnet-install.ps1 -Channel 8.0

# Install to custom location
.\dotnet-install.ps1 -Channel 8.0 -InstallDir "C:\Program Files\dotnet"

# Install runtime only
.\dotnet-install.ps1 -Channel 8.0 -Runtime dotnet

macOS 安装方式

方式 1：官方安装程序包（推荐）

# Detected: Apple Silicon (arm64)
# Recommended: dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-osx-arm64.pkg

# Download from: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/8.0
# Double-click .pkg file to install

# Verify installation location
which dotnet
# Output: /usr/local/share/dotnet/dotnet

方式 2：Homebrew

# Install Homebrew (if needed)
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"

# Install .NET SDK
brew install dotnet

# Install specific version (if available)
brew install dotnet@8

# Update existing installation
brew upgrade dotnet

方式 3：安装脚本

# Download install script
curl -sSL https://dot.net/v1/dotnet-install.sh -o dotnet-install.sh
chmod +x dotnet-install.sh

# Install latest .NET 8 SDK
./dotnet-install.sh --channel 8.0

# Install to custom location
./dotnet-install.sh --channel 8.0 --install-dir ~/.dotnet

# Add to PATH
echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.dotnet:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
source ~/.zshrc

Linux 安装方式

Ubuntu/Debian

# Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
wget https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/22.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb -O packages-microsoft-prod.deb
sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb
rm packages-microsoft-prod.deb

# Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
wget https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb -O packages-microsoft-prod.deb
sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb
rm packages-microsoft-prod.deb

# Install SDK
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y dotnet-sdk-8.0

# Install runtime only
sudo apt-get install -y aspnetcore-runtime-8.0

Fedora/RHEL/CentOS

# Fedora 39
sudo dnf install dotnet-sdk-8.0

# RHEL/CentOS (register Microsoft repository first)
sudo dnf install https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/9/packages-microsoft-prod.rpm
sudo dnf install dotnet-sdk-8.0

Arch Linux

# Install from official repositories
sudo pacman -S dotnet-sdk

# Install runtime only
sudo pacman -S aspnet-runtime

Alpine Linux

# Add Microsoft repository
wget https://dot.net/v1/dotnet-install.sh
chmod +x dotnet-install.sh

# Install .NET 8
./dotnet-install.sh --channel 8.0 --install-dir /usr/share/dotnet

# Add to PATH
export PATH="$PATH:/usr/share/dotnet"

使用 global.json 管理版本

控制项目使用的 .NET SDK 版本：

# Create global.json for .NET 8
dotnet new globaljson --sdk-version 8.0.100

# View current global.json
cat global.json

{
  "sdk": {
    "version": "8.0.100",
    "rollForward": "latestPatch"
  }
}

滚动转发策略：

• latestPatch - 使用最新补丁版本（8.0.x）
• latestFeature - 使用最新功能带版本（8.x.x）
• latestMinor - 使用最新次要版本（x.x.x）
• disable - 必须使用精确版本

深入了解

SDK 与运行时的架构

SDK 组件：

.NET SDK 8.0.100
├── Runtime (8.0.0)
├── Compiler (Roslyn)
├── CLI Tools (dotnet build, run, publish)
├── Templates (dotnet new)
└── MSBuild

仅运行时组件：

.NET Runtime 8.0.0
├── CoreCLR (execution engine)
├── Base Class Libraries
└── Framework assemblies

大小对比：

• SDK：约 200-400 MB
• 运行时：约 50-150 MB

并行安装多个版本

.NET 支持同时安装多个版本：

# List all installed SDKs
dotnet --list-sdks
# Output:
# 6.0.420 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]
# 7.0.410 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]
# 8.0.100 [/usr/local/share/dotnet/sdk]

# Install additional versions
sudo apt-get install dotnet-sdk-7.0  # Adds to existing installation

# Project selects version via global.json
cd my-project
cat global.json
# { "sdk": { "version": "7.0.410" } }

dotnet --version
# Output: 7.0.410 (selected by global.json)

离线安装

适用于隔离网络环境或受限网络：

Windows

# Download offline installer
# https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/8.0
# Select: x64 | Binaries

# Extract to destination
Expand-Archive dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-win-x64.zip -DestinationPath "C:\Program Files\dotnet"

# Add to PATH
$env:PATH = "C:\Program Files\dotnet;$env:PATH"
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("PATH", $env:PATH, "Machine")

Linux

# Download tarball
wget https://download.visualstudio.microsoft.com/download/pr/[hash]/dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-linux-x64.tar.gz

# Extract to system location
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/dotnet
sudo tar -xzf dotnet-sdk-8.0.100-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/share/dotnet

# Create symlink
sudo ln -s /usr/local/share/dotnet/dotnet /usr/local/bin/dotnet

Docker 安装

# Use official .NET SDK image
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk:8.0 AS build
WORKDIR /app

# Copy and restore project
COPY *.csproj ./
RUN dotnet restore

# Build application
COPY . ./
RUN dotnet publish -c Release -o out

# Runtime image (smaller)
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/aspnet:8.0
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /app/out .
ENTRYPOINT ["dotnet", "MyApp.dll"]

常见故障排除

PATH 未更新

# Verify dotnet location
which dotnet  # macOS/Linux
where.exe dotnet  # Windows

# If not found, add to PATH manually:

# macOS/Linux (bash)
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/share/dotnet"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

# macOS (zsh)
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/share/dotnet"' >> ~/.zshrc
source ~/.zshrc

# Windows (PowerShell)
$env:PATH = "$env:PATH;C:\Program Files\dotnet"

安装后找不到 SDK

# Check installation location
dotnet --info
# Look for "Base Path:" in output

# Register installation manually (Linux)
sudo ln -s /usr/local/share/dotnet/dotnet /usr/bin/dotnet

# Clear NuGet cache if corrupted
dotnet nuget locals all --clear

版本冲突

# Remove specific SDK version
sudo apt-get remove dotnet-sdk-7.0  # Linux
winget uninstall Microsoft.DotNet.SDK.7  # Windows

# Force project to use available SDK
# Edit global.json:
{
  "sdk": {
    "version": "8.0.100",
    "rollForward": "latestMinor"  # More permissive
  }
}

参考资料

详细信息：请参阅 reference.md，了解以下内容：

• 完整的平台专属安装命令
• 高级版本管理策略
• 企业部署模式
• CI/CD 集成示例
• 性能优化技巧

官方文档：

• .NET 安装指南
• 下载 .NET
• SDK 与运行时
• global.json 参考