elite-layouts

精选布局

定义现代获奖网站的高级布局模式。

快速参考

主题	参考文件
Bento 网格	bento-grids.md
横向滚动	horizontal-scroll.md
粘性与视差	sticky-parallax.md
容器查询	container-queries.md
编辑类布局模式	editorial-patterns.md

---

布局决策框架

按项目类型

项目	主要布局	关键模式
作品集	Bento + 横向滚动	特色作品、案例研究
电子商务	容器查询	产品网格、响应式卡片
落地页	粘性视差	Hero → 功能特性 → CTA 流程
仪表盘	Bento + 容器	可调整大小的面板、小组件
博客/杂志	非对称网格	编辑风格、视觉层次
代理机构	横向滚动 + Bento	沉浸式、探索式

模式选择

Need adaptive components? → Container Queries
Need visual interest/variety? → Bento Grids
Need immersive storytelling? → Horizontal Scroll
Need depth/layering? → Sticky Parallax
Need all of the above? → Combine strategically

---

核心网格系统

12 列基础网格

.container {
  --columns: 12;
  --gutter: clamp(1rem, 2vw, 2rem);
  --margin: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 6rem);

  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns:
    [full-start] var(--margin)
    [content-start] repeat(var(--columns), 1fr)
    [content-end] var(--margin)
    [full-end];
  gap: var(--gutter);
}

/* Full-bleed items */
.full-bleed {
  grid-column: full-start / full-end;
}

/* Content-width items */
.content {
  grid-column: content-start / content-end;
}

/* Responsive columns */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    --columns: 4;
    --margin: 1rem;
  }
}

跨列工具类

/* Column spans */
.col-span-1 {
  grid-column: span 1;
}
.col-span-2 {
  grid-column: span 2;
}
.col-span-3 {
  grid-column: span 3;
}
.col-span-4 {
  grid-column: span 4;
}
.col-span-6 {
  grid-column: span 6;
}
.col-span-8 {
  grid-column: span 8;
}
.col-span-12 {
  grid-column: span 12;
}

/* Row spans */
.row-span-2 {
  grid-row: span 2;
}
.row-span-3 {
  grid-row: span 3;
}

/* Responsive adjustments */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .col-span-6,
  .col-span-4 {
    grid-column: span 4; /* Full width on mobile */
  }
}

---

Bento 网格快速入门

.bento-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  grid-auto-rows: minmax(200px, auto);
  gap: 1rem;
}

/* Feature item - large */
.bento-item.featured {
  grid-column: span 2;
  grid-row: span 2;
}

/* Tall item */
.bento-item.tall {
  grid-row: span 2;
}

/* Wide item */
.bento-item.wide {
  grid-column: span 2;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .bento-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
  }

  .bento-item.featured,
  .bento-item.wide {
    grid-column: span 2;
  }
}

有关高级模式，请参阅 bento-grids.md。

---

横向滚动快速入门

纯 CSS（scroll-snap）

.horizontal-scroll {
  display: flex;
  overflow-x: auto;
  scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;
  scrollbar-width: none;
}

.horizontal-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar {
  display: none;
}

.horizontal-section {
  flex: 0 0 100vw;
  min-width: 100vw;
  height: 100vh;
  scroll-snap-align: start;
}

GSAP ScrollTrigger（固定定位）

gsap.to(".horizontal-track", {
  x: () =>
    -(
      document.querySelector(".horizontal-track").scrollWidth -
      window.innerWidth
    ),
  ease: "none",
  scrollTrigger: {
    trigger: ".horizontal-container",
    pin: true,
    scrub: 1,
    end: () => `+=${document.querySelector(".horizontal-track").scrollWidth}`,
  },
});

有关完整模式，请参阅 horizontal-scroll.md。

---

粘性视差快速入门

CSS 粘性区段

.sticky-container {
  position: relative;
}

.sticky-section {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  height: 100vh;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

/* Stack sections with z-index */
.sticky-section:nth-child(1) {
  z-index: 1;
  background: var(--color-bg-1);
}
.sticky-section:nth-child(2) {
  z-index: 2;
  background: var(--color-bg-2);
}
.sticky-section:nth-child(3) {
  z-index: 3;
  background: var(--color-bg-3);
}

GSAP 固定定位并添加动画

gsap
  .timeline({
    scrollTrigger: {
      trigger: ".pinned-section",
      pin: true,
      scrub: 1,
      start: "top top",
      end: "+=200%",
    },
  })
  .from(".content-1", { opacity: 0, y: 50 })
  .from(".content-2", { opacity: 0, y: 50 })
  .from(".content-3", { opacity: 0, y: 50 });

有关分层效果，请参阅 sticky-parallax.md。

---

容器查询快速入门

/* Define containment */
.card-container {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: card;
}

/* Base styles */
.card {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  padding: 1rem;
}

/* Respond to container width */
@container card (min-width: 400px) {
  .card {
    flex-direction: row;
    gap: 1.5rem;
  }

  .card-image {
    flex: 0 0 40%;
  }
}

@container card (min-width: 600px) {
  .card {
    padding: 2rem;
  }

  .card-title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
  }
}

有关高级模式，请参阅 container-queries.md。

---

布局与动画集成

网格项动画

/* Hide items ONLY when scroll-driven animation is supported AND motion is
   allowed. If either is false, items render visible by default — so Firefox
   (still flag-gated in 2026) and reduced-motion users are never stranded at
   opacity: 0 with no timeline to reveal them. Feature-detect view()
   specifically because it's the timeline this reveal uses. */
@supports (animation-timeline: view()) {
  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
    .grid-item {
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(30px);
      animation: revealItem linear both;
      animation-timeline: view();
      animation-range: entry 0% cover 30%;
    }
  }
}

@keyframes revealItem {
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: none;
  }
}

GSAP 网格动画

gsap.from(".grid-item", {
  opacity: 0,
  y: 50,
  stagger: {
    amount: 0.8,
    grid: "auto",
    from: "start",
  },
  scrollTrigger: {
    trigger: ".grid-container",
    start: "top 80%",
  },
});

使用 FLIP 实现布局变化

// Before layout change
const state = Flip.getState(".grid-item");

// Change layout (filter, sort, resize)
filterItems();

// Animate the change
Flip.from(state, {
  duration: 0.6,
  ease: "power2.inOut",
  stagger: 0.05,
  absolute: true,
});

---

响应式策略

移动优先断点

/* Mobile: 1 column */
.layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 1rem;
}

/* Tablet: 2 columns */
@media (min-width: 640px) {
  .layout {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 1.5rem;
    padding: 2rem;
  }
}

/* Desktop: 3+ columns */
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .layout {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 2rem;
    padding: 3rem;
  }
}

/* Large: 4 columns */
@media (min-width: 1280px) {
  .layout {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  }
}

流式布局（无断点）

/* Auto-fit columns */
.fluid-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(100%, 300px), 1fr));
  gap: clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2rem);
}

/* Fluid spacing */
.section {
  padding-block: clamp(3rem, 10vh, 8rem);
  padding-inline: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 6rem);
}

---

使用 :has() 实现内容感知布局

让布局根据其 内容 而不仅仅是视口做出响应。:has() 自 2023 年末起已成为所有主流浏览器的 Baseline 功能，无需回退方案。

/* Quantity queries: the grid restructures as items are added */
.card-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 1.5rem;
}
.card-grid:has(> :nth-child(2)) {
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
}
.card-grid:has(> :nth-child(4)) {
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));
}

/* Give an article a sidebar only when it actually contains a figure */
.article:has(> figure) {
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 320px;
}

/* Collapse a section's chrome when it has no items (empty state) */
.gallery:not(:has(.gallery-item)) {
  display: none;
}

相比于使用 JavaScript 统计子元素并切换类名，更推荐这种方式——它采用声明式写法，会随 DOM 自动重新流动，且运行时开销为零。

---

常见布局模式

Hero + 内容网格

.hero-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-rows: 100vh auto;
}

.hero {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  position: relative;
}

.content-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr));
  gap: 2rem;
  padding: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
}

侧边栏 + 主内容区

.sidebar-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(250px, 300px) 1fr;
  min-height: 100vh;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .sidebar-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .sidebar {
    position: fixed;
    inset: 0;
    transform: translateX(-100%);
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
  }

  .sidebar.open {
    transform: translateX(0);
  }
}

瀑布流

原生瀑布流布局即将到来——Safari 26.4 于 2026 年率先支持；Chrome 和 Firefox 仍需启用实验标志，并将在 2026 年逐步稳定。语法仍在演进中（grid-template-rows: masonry 与较新的 display: grid-lanes / Item Flow 提案之间尚未定稿），因此请使用特性检测，切勿通过版本号判断，并在生产环境中保留下面的 JavaScript 回退方案。

/* Enhancement: native masonry where supported */
.masonry {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem;
}

@supports (grid-template-rows: masonry) {
  .masonry {
    grid-template-rows: masonry; /* rows pack tightly up each column */
  }
}

回退方案（当前可安全用于生产环境）

使用固定高度行和由 JavaScript 计算跨行数的网格，现在即可在所有环境中正常工作：

.masonry-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  grid-auto-rows: 10px;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.masonry-item {
  /* Set via JS based on content height */
  grid-row-end: span var(--row-span, 20);
}

// Calculate row spans based on content
function setMasonrySpans() {
  const grid = document.querySelector(".masonry-grid");
  const rowHeight = 10;
  const gap = 16;

  grid.querySelectorAll(".masonry-item").forEach((item) => {
    const content = item.querySelector(".content");
    const span = Math.ceil((content.offsetHeight + gap) / (rowHeight + gap));
    item.style.setProperty("--row-span", span);
  });
}

---

性能注意事项

布局隔离

/* Isolate layout calculations */
.grid-item {
  contain: layout style;
}

/* Full containment for complex items */
.complex-card {
  contain: strict;
  content-visibility: auto;
  contain-intrinsic-size: 300px;
}

避免布局抖动

// BAD: Forces layout per item
items.forEach((item) => {
  item.style.width = item.offsetWidth + 10 + "px";
});

// GOOD: Batch reads, then writes
const widths = items.map((item) => item.offsetWidth);
items.forEach((item, i) => {
  item.style.width = widths[i] + 10 + "px";
});

CSS Grid 与 Flexbox

使用 Grid	使用 Flexbox
二维布局	一维布局
结构已知	项目数量未知
项目重叠	内容分布
杂志/Bento 布局	导航、卡片
复杂对齐	简单对齐

---

无障碍

跳过横向区段

<a href="#after-horizontal" class="skip-link">
  Skip horizontal scroll section
</a>

<section class="horizontal-scroll" aria-label="Project gallery">
  
</section>

<div id="after-horizontal"></div>

键盘导航

// Allow arrow key navigation in horizontal scroll
horizontalContainer.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => {
  if (e.key === "ArrowRight") {
    horizontalContainer.scrollBy({
      left: window.innerWidth,
      behavior: "smooth",
    });
  }
  if (e.key === "ArrowLeft") {
    horizontalContainer.scrollBy({
      left: -window.innerWidth,
      behavior: "smooth",
    });
  }
});

播报布局变化

// For dynamic layout changes (filtering)
const liveRegion = document.getElementById("live-region");
liveRegion.textContent = `Showing ${visibleItems.length} of ${totalItems} items`;

保持阅读顺序同步

当网格布局（命名区域、order 或 grid-row/grid-column）让项目脱离其 DOM 顺序时，键盘和屏幕阅读器用户仍会按照源顺序浏览——这违反了 WCAG 2.4.3（焦点顺序）。可靠的解决方案是让 DOM 顺序与主要视觉顺序保持一致。作为渐进增强，reading-flow（Chrome 137+，2026 年仅限 Chromium）可以使焦点顺序和阅读顺序与视觉流对齐：

.bento-grid {
  display: grid;
  reading-flow: grid-order; /* focus follows visual grid order where supported */
}

应将其视为增强功能，而不是合理源顺序的替代方案。

---

资源

• MDN：CSS Grid
• MDN：容器查询
• MDN：创建 CSS 轮播
• MDN：滚动驱动动画
• MDN：原生 masonry 布局
• MDN：:has() 选择器
• Chrome：用于焦点顺序的 reading-flow
• CSS Tricks：Grid 指南
• GSAP ScrollTrigger