fastapi-templates

FastAPI 项目模板

生产就绪的 FastAPI 项目结构，采用异步模式、依赖注入、中间件和最佳实践，用于构建高性能 API。

何时使用此技能

• 从头开始创建 FastAPI 项目
• 使用 Python 实现异步 REST API
• 构建高性能 Web 服务和微服务
• 使用 PostgreSQL、MongoDB 创建异步应用
• 以规范的结构和测试方案搭建 API 项目

核心概念

1. 项目结构

推荐布局：

app/
├── api/                    # API routes
│   ├── v1/
│   │   ├── endpoints/
│   │   │   ├── users.py
│   │   │   ├── auth.py
│   │   │   └── items.py
│   │   └── router.py
│   └── dependencies.py     # Shared dependencies
├── core/                   # Core configuration
│   ├── config.py
│   ├── security.py
│   └── database.py
├── models/                 # Database models
│   ├── user.py
│   └── item.py
├── schemas/                # Pydantic schemas
│   ├── user.py
│   └── item.py
├── services/               # Business logic
│   ├── user_service.py
│   └── auth_service.py
├── repositories/           # Data access
│   ├── user_repository.py
│   └── item_repository.py
└── main.py                 # Application entry

2. 依赖注入

使用 Depends 的 FastAPI 内置 DI 系统：

• 数据库会话管理
• 身份验证／授权
• 共享业务逻辑
• 配置注入

3. 异步模式

正确使用 async/await：

• 异步路由处理程序
• 异步数据库操作
• 异步后台任务
• 异步中间件

实现模式

模式 1：完整的 FastAPI 应用

# main.py
from fastapi import FastAPI, Depends
from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    """Application lifespan events."""
    # Startup
    await database.connect()
    yield
    # Shutdown
    await database.disconnect()

app = FastAPI(
    title="API Template",
    version="1.0.0",
    lifespan=lifespan
)

# CORS middleware
app.add_middleware(
    CORSMiddleware,
    allow_origins=["*"],
    allow_credentials=True,
    allow_methods=["*"],
    allow_headers=["*"],
)

# Include routers
from app.api.v1.router import api_router
app.include_router(api_router, prefix="/api/v1")

# core/config.py
from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
from functools import lru_cache

class Settings(BaseSettings):
    """Application settings."""
    DATABASE_URL: str
    SECRET_KEY: str
    ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES: int = 30
    API_V1_STR: str = "/api/v1"

    class Config:
        env_file = ".env"

@lru_cache()
def get_settings() -> Settings:
    return Settings()

# core/database.py
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from app.core.config import get_settings

settings = get_settings()

engine = create_async_engine(
    settings.DATABASE_URL,
    echo=True,
    future=True
)

AsyncSessionLocal = sessionmaker(
    engine,
    class_=AsyncSession,
    expire_on_commit=False
)

Base = declarative_base()

async def get_db() -> AsyncSession:
    """Dependency for database session."""
    async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session:
        try:
            yield session
            await session.commit()
        except Exception:
            await session.rollback()
            raise
        finally:
            await session.close()

模式 2：CRUD 仓储模式

# repositories/base_repository.py
from typing import Generic, TypeVar, Type, Optional, List
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy import select
from pydantic import BaseModel

ModelType = TypeVar("ModelType")
CreateSchemaType = TypeVar("CreateSchemaType", bound=BaseModel)
UpdateSchemaType = TypeVar("UpdateSchemaType", bound=BaseModel)

class BaseRepository(Generic[ModelType, CreateSchemaType, UpdateSchemaType]):
    """Base repository for CRUD operations."""

    def __init__(self, model: Type[ModelType]):
        self.model = model

    async def get(self, db: AsyncSession, id: int) -> Optional[ModelType]:
        """Get by ID."""
        result = await db.execute(
            select(self.model).where(self.model.id == id)
        )
        return result.scalars().first()

    async def get_multi(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        skip: int = 0,
        limit: int = 100
    ) -> List[ModelType]:
        """Get multiple records."""
        result = await db.execute(
            select(self.model).offset(skip).limit(limit)
        )
        return result.scalars().all()

    async def create(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        obj_in: CreateSchemaType
    ) -> ModelType:
        """Create new record."""
        db_obj = self.model(**obj_in.dict())
        db.add(db_obj)
        await db.flush()
        await db.refresh(db_obj)
        return db_obj

    async def update(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        db_obj: ModelType,
        obj_in: UpdateSchemaType
    ) -> ModelType:
        """Update record."""
        update_data = obj_in.dict(exclude_unset=True)
        for field, value in update_data.items():
            setattr(db_obj, field, value)
        await db.flush()
        await db.refresh(db_obj)
        return db_obj

    async def delete(self, db: AsyncSession, id: int) -> bool:
        """Delete record."""
        obj = await self.get(db, id)
        if obj:
            await db.delete(obj)
            return True
        return False

# repositories/user_repository.py
from app.repositories.base_repository import BaseRepository
from app.models.user import User
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate

class UserRepository(BaseRepository[User, UserCreate, UserUpdate]):
    """User-specific repository."""

    async def get_by_email(self, db: AsyncSession, email: str) -> Optional[User]:
        """Get user by email."""
        result = await db.execute(
            select(User).where(User.email == email)
        )
        return result.scalars().first()

    async def is_active(self, db: AsyncSession, user_id: int) -> bool:
        """Check if user is active."""
        user = await self.get(db, user_id)
        return user.is_active if user else False

user_repository = UserRepository(User)

模式 3：服务层

# services/user_service.py
from typing import Optional
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from app.repositories.user_repository import user_repository
from app.schemas.user import UserCreate, UserUpdate, User
from app.core.security import get_password_hash, verify_password

class UserService:
    """Business logic for users."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.repository = user_repository

    async def create_user(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        user_in: UserCreate
    ) -> User:
        """Create new user with hashed password."""
        # Check if email exists
        existing = await self.repository.get_by_email(db, user_in.email)
        if existing:
            raise ValueError("Email already registered")

        # Hash password
        user_in_dict = user_in.dict()
        user_in_dict["hashed_password"] = get_password_hash(user_in_dict.pop("password"))

        # Create user
        user = await self.repository.create(db, UserCreate(**user_in_dict))
        return user

    async def authenticate(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        email: str,
        password: str
    ) -> Optional[User]:
        """Authenticate user."""
        user = await self.repository.get_by_email(db, email)
        if not user:
            return None
        if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
            return None
        return user

    async def update_user(
        self,
        db: AsyncSession,
        user_id: int,
        user_in: UserUpdate
    ) -> Optional[User]:
        """Update user."""
        user = await self.repository.get(db, user_id)
        if not user:
            return None

        if user_in.password:
            user_in_dict = user_in.dict(exclude_unset=True)
            user_in_dict["hashed_password"] = get_password_hash(
                user_in_dict.pop("password")
            )
            user_in = UserUpdate(**user_in_dict)

        return await self.repository.update(db, user, user_in)

user_service = UserService()

模式 4：带依赖项的 API 端点

# api/v1/endpoints/users.py
from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, status
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from typing import List

from app.core.database import get_db
from app.schemas.user import User, UserCreate, UserUpdate
from app.services.user_service import user_service
from app.api.dependencies import get_current_user

router = APIRouter()

@router.post("/", response_model=User, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_user(
    user_in: UserCreate,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db)
):
    """Create new user."""
    try:
        user = await user_service.create_user(db, user_in)
        return user
    except ValueError as e:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))

@router.get("/me", response_model=User)
async def read_current_user(
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Get current user."""
    return current_user

@router.get("/{user_id}", response_model=User)
async def read_user(
    user_id: int,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Get user by ID."""
    user = await user_service.repository.get(db, user_id)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
    return user

@router.patch("/{user_id}", response_model=User)
async def update_user(
    user_id: int,
    user_in: UserUpdate,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Update user."""
    if current_user.id != user_id:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not authorized")

    user = await user_service.update_user(db, user_id, user_in)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
    return user

@router.delete("/{user_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
async def delete_user(
    user_id: int,
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Delete user."""
    if current_user.id != user_id:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Not authorized")

    deleted = await user_service.repository.delete(db, user_id)
    if not deleted:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")

模式 5：身份验证与授权

# core/security.py
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Optional
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext
from app.core.config import get_settings

settings = get_settings()
pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")

ALGORITHM = "HS256"

def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: Optional[timedelta] = None):
    """Create JWT access token."""
    to_encode = data.copy()
    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.utcnow() + expires_delta
    else:
        expire = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(minutes=15)
    to_encode.update({"exp": expire})
    encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(to_encode, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithm=ALGORITHM)
    return encoded_jwt

def verify_password(plain_password: str, hashed_password: str) -> bool:
    """Verify password against hash."""
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)

def get_password_hash(password: str) -> str:
    """Hash password."""
    return pwd_context.hash(password)

# api/dependencies.py
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession

from app.core.database import get_db
from app.core.security import ALGORITHM
from app.core.config import get_settings
from app.repositories.user_repository import user_repository

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl=f"{settings.API_V1_STR}/auth/login")

async def get_current_user(
    db: AsyncSession = Depends(get_db),
    token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)
):
    """Get current authenticated user."""
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
        status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
        detail="Could not validate credentials",
        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )

    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, settings.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
        user_id: int = payload.get("sub")
        if user_id is None:
            raise credentials_exception
    except JWTError:
        raise credentials_exception

    user = await user_repository.get(db, user_id)
    if user is None:
        raise credentials_exception

    return user

测试

# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
import asyncio
from httpx import AsyncClient
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine, AsyncSession
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

from app.main import app
from app.core.database import get_db, Base

TEST_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:"

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def event_loop():
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop_policy().new_event_loop()
    yield loop
    loop.close()

@pytest.fixture
async def db_session():
    engine = create_async_engine(TEST_DATABASE_URL, echo=True)
    async with engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

    AsyncSessionLocal = sessionmaker(
        engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False
    )

    async with AsyncSessionLocal() as session:
        yield session

@pytest.fixture
async def client(db_session):
    async def override_get_db():
        yield db_session

    app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = override_get_db

    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as client:
        yield client

# tests/test_users.py
import pytest

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_create_user(client):
    response = await client.post(
        "/api/v1/users/",
        json={
            "email": "[email protected]",
            "password": "testpass123",
            "name": "Test User"
        }
    )
    assert response.status_code == 201
    data = response.json()
    assert data["email"] == "[email protected]"
    assert "id" in data

资源

• references/fastapi-architecture.md：详细的架构指南
• references/async-best-practices.md：Async/await 模式
• references/testing-strategies.md：全面的测试指南
• assets/project-template/：完整的 FastAPI 项目
• assets/docker-compose.yml：开发环境配置

最佳实践

1. 全程异步：数据库和外部 API 调用均使用异步
2. 依赖注入：充分利用 FastAPI 的 DI 系统
3. 仓储模式：将数据访问与业务逻辑分离
4. 服务层：不要在路由中编写业务逻辑
5. Pydantic 模式：为请求／响应提供强类型
6. 错误处理：确保错误响应一致
7. 测试：独立测试所有层

常见陷阱

• 在异步代码中使用阻塞代码：使用同步数据库驱动
• 没有服务层：将业务逻辑写在路由处理程序中
• 缺少类型提示：无法发挥 FastAPI 的优势
• 忽略会话：未能妥善管理数据库会话
• 没有测试：跳过集成测试
• 紧耦合：在路由中直接访问数据库