git-advanced

Git 高级操作技能

此技能为经验丰富的 Git 用户提供全面指导，涵盖高级 Git 操作、复杂的变基策略、提交修整技巧以及复杂的历史记录操作。

使用时机

在以下情况下启用此技能：

• 执行复杂的交互式变基
• 重写提交历史
• 拆分或合并提交
• 使用高级合并策略
• 跨分支执行 Cherry-pick
• 编辑历史记录中的提交消息
• 更改作者信息
• 解决复杂冲突

交互式变基策略

基本交互式变基

# Rebase last 5 commits
git rebase -i HEAD~5

# Rebase from specific commit
git rebase -i abc123^

# Rebase entire branch
git rebase -i main

变基命令

# Interactive rebase editor commands:
# p, pick = use commit
# r, reword = use commit, but edit commit message
# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
# f, fixup = like squash, but discard commit message
# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell
# d, drop = remove commit

压缩提交

# Example: Squash last 3 commits
git rebase -i HEAD~3

# In editor:
pick abc123 feat: add user authentication
squash def456 fix: resolve login bug
squash ghi789 style: format code

# Squash all commits in feature branch
git rebase -i main
# Mark all except first as 'squash'

Fixup 工作流

# Create fixup commit automatically
git commit --fixup=abc123

# Autosquash during rebase
git rebase -i --autosquash main

# Set autosquash as default
git config --global rebase.autosquash true

# Example workflow:
git log --oneline -5
# abc123 feat: add authentication
# def456 feat: add authorization
git commit --fixup=abc123
git rebase -i --autosquash HEAD~3

重新排列提交

# Interactive rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~5

# In editor, change order:
pick def456 feat: add database migration
pick abc123 feat: add user model
pick ghi789 feat: add API endpoints

# Reorder by moving lines:
pick abc123 feat: add user model
pick def456 feat: add database migration
pick ghi789 feat: add API endpoints

拆分提交

# Start interactive rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~3

# Mark commit to split with 'edit'
edit abc123 feat: add user and role features

# When rebase stops:
git reset HEAD^

# Stage and commit parts separately
git add user.go
git commit -m "feat: add user management"

git add role.go
git commit -m "feat: add role management"

# Continue rebase
git rebase --continue

编辑旧提交

# Start interactive rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~5

# Mark commit with 'edit'
edit abc123 feat: add authentication

# When rebase stops, make changes
git add modified-file.go
git commit --amend --no-edit

# Or change commit message
git commit --amend

# Continue rebase
git rebase --continue

提交修整

修改提交

# Amend last commit (add changes)
git add forgotten-file.go
git commit --amend --no-edit

# Amend commit message
git commit --amend -m "fix: correct typo in feature"

# Amend author information
git commit --amend --author="John Doe <[email protected]>"

# Amend date
git commit --amend --date="2024-03-15 10:30:00"

更改提交消息

# Change last commit message
git commit --amend

# Change older commit messages
git rebase -i HEAD~5
# Mark commits with 'reword'

# Change commit message without opening editor
git commit --amend -m "new message" --no-edit

更改多个作者

# Filter-branch (legacy method, use filter-repo instead)
git filter-branch --env-filter '
if [ "$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL" = "[email protected]" ]; then
    export GIT_COMMITTER_NAME="New Name"
    export GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL="[email protected]"
fi
if [ "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" = "[email protected]" ]; then
    export GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="New Name"
    export GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="[email protected]"
fi
' --tag-name-filter cat -- --branches --tags

# Modern method with git-filter-repo
git filter-repo --email-callback '
    return email.replace(b"[email protected]", b"[email protected]")
'

从历史记录中移除文件

# Remove file from all history
git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm -f passwords.txt' HEAD

# Better performance with index-filter
git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch passwords.txt' HEAD

# Modern method with git-filter-repo (recommended)
git filter-repo --path passwords.txt --invert-paths

# Remove large files
git filter-repo --strip-blobs-bigger-than 10M

BFG Repo-Cleaner

# Install BFG
# brew install bfg (macOS)
# apt-get install bfg (Ubuntu)

# Remove files by name
bfg --delete-files passwords.txt

# Remove large files
bfg --strip-blobs-bigger-than 50M

# Replace passwords in history
bfg --replace-text passwords.txt

# After BFG cleanup
git reflog expire --expire=now --all
git gc --prune=now --aggressive

高级 Cherry-pick

基本 Cherry-pick

# Cherry-pick single commit
git cherry-pick abc123

# Cherry-pick multiple commits
git cherry-pick abc123 def456 ghi789

# Cherry-pick range of commits
git cherry-pick abc123..ghi789

# Cherry-pick without committing (stage only)
git cherry-pick -n abc123

处理冲突的 Cherry-pick

# When conflicts occur
git cherry-pick abc123
# CONFLICT: resolve conflicts

# After resolving conflicts
git add resolved-file.go
git cherry-pick --continue

# Or abort cherry-pick
git cherry-pick --abort

# Skip current commit
git cherry-pick --skip

Cherry-pick 选项

# Edit commit message during cherry-pick
git cherry-pick -e abc123

# Sign-off cherry-picked commit
git cherry-pick -s abc123

# Keep original author date
git cherry-pick --ff abc123

# Apply changes without commit attribution
git cherry-pick -n abc123
git commit --author="New Author <[email protected]>"

为合并提交选择主线

# Cherry-pick merge commit (specify parent)
git cherry-pick -m 1 abc123

# -m 1 = use first parent (main branch)
# -m 2 = use second parent (merged branch)

# Example workflow:
git log --graph --oneline
#   *   abc123 Merge pull request #123
#   |\
#   | * def456 feat: feature commit
#   * | ghi789 fix: main branch commit

# To cherry-pick the merge keeping main branch changes:
git cherry-pick -m 1 abc123

高级合并

合并策略

# Recursive merge (default)
git merge -s recursive branch-name

# Ours (keep our changes on conflict)
git merge -s ours branch-name

# Theirs (keep their changes on conflict)
git merge -s theirs branch-name

# Octopus (merge 3+ branches)
git merge -s octopus branch1 branch2 branch3

# Subtree merge
git merge -s subtree branch-name

合并策略选项

# Ours (resolve conflicts with our version)
git merge -X ours branch-name

# Theirs (resolve conflicts with their version)
git merge -X theirs branch-name

# Ignore whitespace
git merge -X ignore-space-change branch-name
git merge -X ignore-all-space branch-name

# Patience algorithm (better conflict detection)
git merge -X patience branch-name

# Renormalize line endings
git merge -X renormalize branch-name

三方合并

# Standard three-way merge
git merge feature-branch

# With custom merge message
git merge feature-branch -m "Merge feature: add authentication"

# No fast-forward (always create merge commit)
git merge --no-ff feature-branch

# Fast-forward only (fail if merge commit needed)
git merge --ff-only feature-branch

# Squash merge (combine all commits)
git merge --squash feature-branch
git commit -m "feat: add complete authentication system"

高级冲突解决

了解冲突标记

<<<<<<< HEAD (Current Change)
int result = add(a, b);
=======
int sum = calculate(a, b);
>>>>>>> feature-branch (Incoming Change)

冲突解决工具

# Use mergetool
git mergetool

# Specify merge tool
git mergetool --tool=vimdiff
git mergetool --tool=meld
git mergetool --tool=kdiff3

# Configure default merge tool
git config --global merge.tool vimdiff
git config --global mergetool.vimdiff.cmd 'vimdiff "$LOCAL" "$MERGED" "$REMOTE"'

# Check out specific version
git checkout --ours file.go    # Keep our version
git checkout --theirs file.go  # Keep their version
git checkout --merge file.go   # Recreate conflict markers

Rerere（重用已记录的解决方案）

# Enable rerere
git config --global rerere.enabled true

# Rerere will automatically resolve previously seen conflicts
git merge feature-branch
# Conflict occurs and is resolved
git add file.go
git commit

# Later, same conflict:
git merge another-branch
# Rerere automatically applies previous resolution

# View rerere cache
git rerere status
git rerere diff

# Clear rerere cache
git rerere forget file.go
git rerere clear

交互式暂存

暂存文件的部分内容

# Interactive staging
git add -p file.go

# Patch commands:
# y - stage this hunk
# n - do not stage this hunk
# q - quit (do not stage this and remaining hunks)
# a - stage this and all remaining hunks
# d - do not stage this and all remaining hunks
# s - split the current hunk into smaller hunks
# e - manually edit the current hunk

交互式添加

# Interactive mode
git add -i

# Commands:
# 1: status       - show paths with changes
# 2: update       - stage paths
# 3: revert       - unstage paths
# 4: add untracked - stage untracked files
# 5: patch        - partial staging
# 6: diff         - show staged changes
# 7: quit         - exit

部分提交

# Stage part of file interactively
git add -p file.go

# Create commit with partial changes
git commit -m "feat: add validation logic"

# Stage remaining changes
git add file.go
git commit -m "feat: add error handling"

高级重置操作

重置模式

# Soft reset (keep changes staged)
git reset --soft HEAD~1

# Mixed reset (keep changes unstaged, default)
git reset --mixed HEAD~1
git reset HEAD~1

# Hard reset (discard all changes)
git reset --hard HEAD~1

# Reset to specific commit
git reset --hard abc123

重置与还原

# Reset (rewrites history, use for local changes)
git reset --hard HEAD~3

# Revert (creates new commit, safe for shared history)
git revert HEAD
git revert HEAD~3
git revert abc123..def456

高级分支操作

从指定提交创建分支

# Create branch from commit
git branch new-branch abc123
git checkout new-branch

# Or in one command
git checkout -b new-branch abc123

# Create branch from remote commit
git checkout -b local-branch origin/remote-branch

孤立分支

# Create orphan branch (no parent)
git checkout --orphan new-root
git rm -rf .

# Useful for gh-pages, documentation, etc.
echo "# Documentation" > README.md
git add README.md
git commit -m "docs: initialize documentation"

分支跟踪

# Set upstream branch
git branch -u origin/main

# Push and set upstream
git push -u origin feature-branch

# Change upstream
git branch -u origin/develop

# View tracking information
git branch -vv

高级暂存操作

暂存指定文件

# Stash specific files
git stash push -m "WIP: feature work" file1.go file2.go

# Stash with pathspec
git stash push -p

# Stash untracked files
git stash -u

# Stash including ignored files
git stash -a

将暂存内容保存到分支

# Create branch from stash
git stash branch new-branch stash@{0}

# Creates new branch and applies stash
git stash branch feature-work

部分应用暂存内容

# Apply specific files from stash
git checkout stash@{0} -- file.go

# Apply stash without dropping
git stash apply stash@{0}

# Apply and drop
git stash pop stash@{0}

子模块管理

高级子模块操作

# Update submodule to specific commit
cd submodule-dir
git checkout abc123
cd ..
git add submodule-dir
git commit -m "chore: update submodule to version 1.2.3"

# Update all submodules to latest
git submodule update --remote --merge

# Update specific submodule
git submodule update --remote --merge path/to/submodule

# Run command in all submodules
git submodule foreach 'git checkout main'
git submodule foreach 'git pull'

# Clone with submodules at specific depth
git clone --recurse-submodules --depth 1 repo-url

将子模块迁移为子树

# Remove submodule
git submodule deinit path/to/submodule
git rm path/to/submodule
rm -rf .git/modules/path/to/submodule

# Add as subtree
git subtree add --prefix=path/to/submodule \
    https://github.com/user/repo.git main --squash

# Update subtree
git subtree pull --prefix=path/to/submodule \
    https://github.com/user/repo.git main --squash

高级日志与历史记录

自定义日志格式

# One-line format with custom fields
git log --pretty=format:"%h - %an, %ar : %s"

# Full custom format
git log --pretty=format:"%C(yellow)%h%C(reset) %C(blue)%ad%C(reset) %C(green)%an%C(reset) %s" --date=short

# Aliases for common formats
git config --global alias.lg "log --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' --abbrev-commit --date=relative"

查找丢失的提交

# Find commits not in any branch
git log --all --oneline --no-walk --decorate $(git fsck --no-reflog | grep commit | cut -d' ' -f3)

# Find dangling commits
git fsck --lost-found

# Search commit messages
git log --all --grep="search term"

# Find commits by author
git log --author="John Doe"

# Find commits modifying specific code
git log -S "function_name"
git log -G "regex_pattern"

自动化二分查找

# Start bisect
git bisect start
git bisect bad HEAD
git bisect good abc123

# Automate bisect with script
git bisect run ./test.sh

# test.sh example:
#!/bin/bash
make && make test
exit $?

# Bisect will automatically find first bad commit

最佳实践

1. 重写历史前备份： 执行复杂操作前创建备份分支
2. 切勿重写已发布的历史： 仅重写本地提交
3. 沟通变基操作： 强制推送时通知团队
4. 使用描述性提交消息： 即使在交互式变基期间也应如此
5. 变基后进行测试： 确保历史记录更改后代码仍能正常工作
6. 本地分支优先使用变基： 保持历史记录线性
7. 共享分支使用合并： 保留完整历史记录
8. 签署重要提交： 使用 GPG 签名发布版本
9. 记录复杂操作： 留下注释以供日后参考
10. 知道何时停止： 有时合并提交比变基后的历史记录更清晰

资源

更多指南和示例请参阅 assets/ 目录：

• examples/ - 复杂的变基和合并场景
• scripts/ - 常见操作的自动化脚本
• workflows/ - 高级工作流模式

references/ 目录中包含：

• Git 内部机制文档
• 高级变基策略
• filter-branch 的替代方案
• 冲突解决技巧