load-test-builder

负载测试构建器

在真实和压力条件下验证系统性能。

核心工作流

1. 定义场景：用户旅程和负载模式
2. 设置阈值：性能要求
3. 配置负载：渐增、峰值、持续时间
4. 运行测试：执行负载场景
5. 分析结果：指标和瓶颈
6. 集成 CI：自动化性能门禁

k6 负载测试

安装

# macOS
brew install k6

# Docker
docker pull grafana/k6

基本负载测试

// load-tests/basic.js
import http from 'k6/http';
import { check, sleep } from 'k6';
import { Rate, Trend } from 'k6/metrics';

// Custom metrics
const errorRate = new Rate('errors');
const responseTime = new Trend('response_time');

// Test configuration
export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '1m', target: 20 },   // Ramp up to 20 users
    { duration: '3m', target: 20 },   // Stay at 20 users
    { duration: '1m', target: 50 },   // Ramp up to 50 users
    { duration: '3m', target: 50 },   // Stay at 50 users
    { duration: '1m', target: 0 },    // Ramp down to 0
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(95)<500', 'p(99)<1000'],
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.01'],
    errors: ['rate<0.05'],
  },
};

const BASE_URL = __ENV.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000';

export default function () {
  // Homepage
  const homeResponse = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/`);

  check(homeResponse, {
    'homepage status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
    'homepage loads fast': (r) => r.timings.duration < 500,
  });

  responseTime.add(homeResponse.timings.duration);
  errorRate.add(homeResponse.status !== 200);

  sleep(1);

  // API request
  const apiResponse = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/api/users`);

  check(apiResponse, {
    'api status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
    'api returns array': (r) => Array.isArray(JSON.parse(r.body)),
  });

  errorRate.add(apiResponse.status !== 200);

  sleep(Math.random() * 3 + 1); // Random think time 1-4 seconds
}

用户旅程测试

// load-tests/user-journey.js
import http from 'k6/http';
import { check, group, sleep } from 'k6';
import { SharedArray } from 'k6/data';

const users = new SharedArray('users', function () {
  return JSON.parse(open('./data/users.json'));
});

export const options = {
  scenarios: {
    browse_and_buy: {
      executor: 'ramping-vus',
      startVUs: 0,
      stages: [
        { duration: '2m', target: 100 },
        { duration: '5m', target: 100 },
        { duration: '2m', target: 0 },
      ],
      gracefulRampDown: '30s',
    },
  },
  thresholds: {
    'group_duration{group:::Login}': ['p(95)<2000'],
    'group_duration{group:::Browse Products}': ['p(95)<1000'],
    'group_duration{group:::Checkout}': ['p(95)<3000'],
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.01'],
  },
};

const BASE_URL = __ENV.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000';

export default function () {
  const user = users[Math.floor(Math.random() * users.length)];

  group('Login', function () {
    const loginRes = http.post(
      `${BASE_URL}/api/auth/login`,
      JSON.stringify({
        email: user.email,
        password: user.password,
      }),
      {
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      }
    );

    check(loginRes, {
      'login successful': (r) => r.status === 200,
      'has token': (r) => JSON.parse(r.body).token !== undefined,
    });

    if (loginRes.status !== 200) return;

    const token = JSON.parse(loginRes.body).token;

    group('Browse Products', function () {
      const productsRes = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/api/products`, {
        headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
      });

      check(productsRes, {
        'products loaded': (r) => r.status === 200,
      });

      sleep(2);

      // View product detail
      const products = JSON.parse(productsRes.body);
      if (products.length > 0) {
        const productId = products[Math.floor(Math.random() * products.length)].id;
        const productRes = http.get(`${BASE_URL}/api/products/${productId}`, {
          headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}` },
        });

        check(productRes, {
          'product detail loaded': (r) => r.status === 200,
        });
      }
    });

    sleep(1);

    group('Checkout', function () {
      // Add to cart
      const cartRes = http.post(
        `${BASE_URL}/api/cart`,
        JSON.stringify({ productId: '1', quantity: 1 }),
        {
          headers: {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
          },
        }
      );

      check(cartRes, {
        'added to cart': (r) => r.status === 200 || r.status === 201,
      });

      // Checkout
      const checkoutRes = http.post(
        `${BASE_URL}/api/checkout`,
        JSON.stringify({ paymentMethod: 'card' }),
        {
          headers: {
            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
            Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
          },
        }
      );

      check(checkoutRes, {
        'checkout successful': (r) => r.status === 200 || r.status === 201,
      });
    });
  });

  sleep(Math.random() * 5 + 2);
}

压力测试

// load-tests/stress.js
import http from 'k6/http';
import { check } from 'k6';

export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '2m', target: 100 },    // Normal load
    { duration: '5m', target: 100 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 200 },    // High load
    { duration: '5m', target: 200 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 300 },    // Stress
    { duration: '5m', target: 300 },
    { duration: '2m', target: 400 },    // Breaking point
    { duration: '5m', target: 400 },
    { duration: '10m', target: 0 },     // Recovery
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(99)<1500'],
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.05'],
  },
};

export default function () {
  const response = http.get(`${__ENV.BASE_URL}/api/health`);

  check(response, {
    'status is 200': (r) => r.status === 200,
  });
}

峰值测试

// load-tests/spike.js
export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '10s', target: 100 },   // Quick ramp
    { duration: '1m', target: 100 },    // Normal
    { duration: '10s', target: 1000 },  // Spike!
    { duration: '3m', target: 1000 },   // Stay at spike
    { duration: '10s', target: 100 },   // Scale down
    { duration: '3m', target: 100 },    // Recovery
    { duration: '10s', target: 0 },     // Ramp down
  ],
};

持续测试

// load-tests/soak.js
export const options = {
  stages: [
    { duration: '5m', target: 100 },    // Ramp up
    { duration: '8h', target: 100 },    // Sustained load for 8 hours
    { duration: '5m', target: 0 },      // Ramp down
  ],
  thresholds: {
    http_req_duration: ['p(95)<500'],
    http_req_failed: ['rate<0.01'],
  },
};

Artillery

安装

npm install -D artillery

配置

# artillery/load-test.yml
config:
  target: "http://localhost:3000"
  phases:
    - duration: 60
      arrivalRate: 5
      name: "Warm up"
    - duration: 120
      arrivalRate: 10
      name: "Normal load"
    - duration: 60
      arrivalRate: 50
      name: "Spike"
    - duration: 60
      arrivalRate: 10
      name: "Cool down"

  defaults:
    headers:
      Content-Type: "application/json"

  plugins:
    expect: {}

  ensure:
    p99: 500
    maxErrorRate: 1

scenarios:
  - name: "User Journey"
    flow:
      - get:
          url: "/"
          expect:
            - statusCode: 200
            - contentType: text/html

      - think: 2

      - get:
          url: "/api/products"
          expect:
            - statusCode: 200
          capture:
            - json: "$[0].id"
              as: "productId"

      - think: 1

      - get:
          url: "/api/products/{{ productId }}"
          expect:
            - statusCode: 200

      - post:
          url: "/api/cart"
          json:
            productId: "{{ productId }}"
            quantity: 1
          expect:
            - statusCode: 201

使用自定义函数

// artillery/processor.js
module.exports = {
  generateUser,
  logResponse,
  validateCheckout,
};

function generateUser(context, events, done) {
  context.vars.email = `user${Date.now()}@example.com`;
  context.vars.password = 'testpassword123';
  return done();
}

function logResponse(requestParams, response, context, events, done) {
  console.log(`Response: ${response.statusCode} - ${response.body}`);
  return done();
}

function validateCheckout(requestParams, response, context, events, done) {
  const body = JSON.parse(response.body);
  if (!body.orderId) {
    return done(new Error('Missing orderId in response'));
  }
  context.vars.orderId = body.orderId;
  return done();
}

# artillery/with-processor.yml
config:
  target: "http://localhost:3000"
  processor: "./processor.js"
  phases:
    - duration: 60
      arrivalRate: 10

scenarios:
  - name: "Checkout flow"
    flow:
      - function: "generateUser"
      - post:
          url: "/api/auth/register"
          json:
            email: "{{ email }}"
            password: "{{ password }}"
      - post:
          url: "/api/checkout"
          afterResponse: "validateCheckout"

Autocannon（Node.js）

// load-tests/autocannon.ts
import autocannon from 'autocannon';

async function runLoadTest() {
  const result = await autocannon({
    url: 'http://localhost:3000/api/users',
    connections: 100,
    duration: 30,
    pipelining: 10,
    headers: {
      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    },
    requests: [
      {
        method: 'GET',
        path: '/api/users',
      },
      {
        method: 'POST',
        path: '/api/users',
        body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'Test', email: '[email protected]' }),
      },
    ],
  });

  console.log(autocannon.printResult(result));

  // Validate results
  if (result.latency.p99 > 500) {
    console.error('P99 latency exceeded 500ms');
    process.exit(1);
  }

  if (result.errors > 0) {
    console.error(`Errors detected: ${result.errors}`);
    process.exit(1);
  }
}

runLoadTest();

CI 集成

# .github/workflows/load-tests.yml
name: Load Tests

on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * *'  # Daily at 2 AM
  workflow_dispatch:

jobs:
  load-test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    services:
      app:
        image: myapp:latest
        ports:
          - 3000:3000
        env:
          DATABASE_URL: postgresql://test@localhost/test

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install k6
        run: |
          sudo gpg -k
          sudo gpg --no-default-keyring --keyring /usr/share/keyrings/k6-archive-keyring.gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys C5AD17C747E3415A3642D57D77C6C491D6AC1D69
          echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/k6-archive-keyring.gpg] https://dl.k6.io/deb stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/k6.list
          sudo apt-get update
          sudo apt-get install k6

      - name: Wait for app
        run: |
          timeout 60 bash -c 'until curl -s http://localhost:3000/health; do sleep 1; done'

      - name: Run load tests
        run: k6 run --out json=results.json load-tests/basic.js
        env:
          BASE_URL: http://localhost:3000

      - name: Upload results
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: load-test-results
          path: results.json

      - name: Comment on PR
        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        with:
          script: |
            const fs = require('fs');
            const results = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync('results.json', 'utf8'));
            // Parse and format results for PR comment

结果分析

// scripts/analyze-results.js
import fs from 'fs';

const results = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync('results.json', 'utf8'));

const summary = {
  totalRequests: results.metrics.http_reqs.count,
  avgDuration: results.metrics.http_req_duration.avg,
  p95Duration: results.metrics.http_req_duration['p(95)'],
  p99Duration: results.metrics.http_req_duration['p(99)'],
  errorRate: results.metrics.http_req_failed.rate,
  throughput: results.metrics.http_reqs.rate,
};

console.table(summary);

// Check thresholds
const passed =
  summary.p95Duration < 500 &&
  summary.p99Duration < 1000 &&
  summary.errorRate < 0.01;

process.exit(passed ? 0 : 1);

最佳实践

1. 从小开始：逐步增加负载
2. 使用真实数据：模拟生产环境的场景
3. 监控所有指标：也要监控后端指标
4. 设置阈值：定义通过/失败标准
5. 定期测试：尽早发现回归问题
6. 隔离环境：使用专用测试环境
7. 记录发现：跟踪改进情况
8. 加入思考时间：模拟真实用户

输出清单

每个负载测试配置都应包含：

• k6/Artillery 配置
• 真实的用户场景
• 多种负载模式（正常、压力、峰值）
• 性能阈值
• 自定义指标
• CI 集成
• 结果分析
• 用于检测内存泄漏的持续测试
• 文档
• 基准测试数据