makepad-2.0-events

Makepad 2.0 事件与操作系统

概述

Makepad 2.0 使用双层事件系统：

1. Splash 层 —— 直接写在 script_mod! Splash 代码中的内联事件处理器 （on_click、on_render、on_return、on_startup）。这些处理器以声明式方式在脚本内部处理 UI 交互， 紧邻控件定义。

2. Rust 层 —— 使用 MatchEvent trait，以及 handle_actions、handle_timer、 handle_http_response 等方法。这些方法处理业务逻辑、外部 I/O，以及其他需要充分发挥 Rust 能力的任务。

两层通过两个桥接宏通信：

• script_eval!(cx, { ... }) —— 从 Rust 执行 Splash 代码（更新状态、触发渲染）
• script_apply_eval!(cx, widget_ref, { ... }) —— 在运行时从 Rust 修补控件属性

---

1. Splash 内联事件处理器

事件处理器直接附加到 script_mod! 代码块内的控件上。它们使用闭包语法：无参数时用 ||，接收值的回调则用 |arg|。

on_click —— 按钮／控件点击

当用户点击按钮或可点击控件时触发。普通按钮不接收参数， CheckBox 则使用 |checked|，传入新的布尔状态。

// Plain button click
add_button := Button{
    text: "Add"
    on_click: ||{
        let text = ui.todo_input.text()
        if text != "" {
            add_todo(text, "")
            ui.todo_input.set_text("")
        }
    }
}

// CheckBox click with checked state argument
check.on_click: |checked| toggle_todo(i, checked)

// Inline delete with closure capturing loop variable
delete.on_click: || delete_todo(i)

// Calling another widget's click programmatically
clear_done := ButtonFlatter{
    text: "Clear completed"
    on_click: ||{
        todos.retain(|todo| !todo.done)
        ui.todo_list.render()
    }
}

on_render —— 动态渲染

对目标视图调用 .render() 时触发。这是动态内容的主要机制。处理器主体会替换该视图之前绘制的内容。

main_view := View{
    width: Fill
    height: Fill
    on_render: ||{
        counter_label := Label{
            text: "Count: " + state.counter
            draw_text.text_style.font_size: 24
        }
    }
}

// List rendering with for loop and per-item event handlers
todo_list := ScrollYView{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    new_batch: true
    on_render: ||{
        if todos.len() == 0
            EmptyState{}
        else for i, todo in todos {
            TodoItem{
                label.text: todo.text
                check.active: todo.done
                check.on_click: |checked| toggle_todo(i, checked)
                delete.on_click: || delete_todo(i)
            }
        }
    }
    EmptyState{}
}

要点：on_render 不会自动调用。必须调用 ui.widget_name.render() 来触发它。视图上的 new_batch: true 属性会告诉系统在重新渲染前清除之前绘制的内容。

on_return —— TextInput 回车键

当用户在 TextInput 内按下 Enter／Return 时触发。通常用于提交表单。

todo_input := TextInput{
    width: Fill height: 9. * theme.space_1
    empty_text: "What needs to be done?"
    on_return: || ui.add_button.on_click()
}

on_startup —— 应用启动

应用启动时触发一次。在 Root 级别定义。通常用于触发初始渲染。

ui: Root{
    on_startup: ||{
        ui.main_view.render()
    }
    main_window := Window{
        // ...
    }
}

事件处理器的功能

在事件处理器中，你可以：

• 调用 Splash 函数：add_todo(text, "dev")
• 读取控件值：let text = ui.todo_input.text()
• 设置控件值：ui.todo_input.set_text("")
• 触发重新渲染：ui.todo_list.render()
• 触发其他控件的点击：ui.add_button.on_click()
• 修改状态变量：state.counter += 1
• 使用数组方法：todos.push({text: "new", done: false})
• 使用控制流：if text != "" { ... }

---

2. Rust 事件处理 —— MatchEvent Trait

MatchEvent trait 是 Rust 端的事件分发器。它通过一组处理器方法接收平台事件和控件操作。

核心 trait 定义（来自 draw/src/match_event.rs）

pub trait MatchEvent {
    // Lifecycle
    fn handle_startup(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}
    fn handle_shutdown(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}
    fn handle_foreground(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}
    fn handle_background(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}
    fn handle_pause(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}
    fn handle_resume(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}

    // Window focus
    fn handle_window_got_focus(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _window_id: &WindowId) {}
    fn handle_window_lost_focus(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _window_id: &WindowId) {}

    // Frame
    fn handle_next_frame(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &NextFrameEvent) {}

    // Widget actions (most commonly used)
    fn handle_action(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &Action) {}
    fn handle_actions(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, actions: &Actions) {
        for action in actions {
            self.handle_action(cx, action);
        }
    }

    // Input
    fn handle_key_down(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &KeyEvent) {}
    fn handle_key_up(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &KeyEvent) {}
    fn handle_back_pressed(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) -> bool { false }

    // Timer
    fn handle_timer(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &TimerEvent) {}

    // Drawing
    fn handle_draw(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &DrawEvent) {}
    fn handle_draw_2d(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx2d) {}

    // Network
    fn handle_http_response(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _request_id: LiveId, _response: &HttpResponse) {}
    fn handle_http_request_error(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _request_id: LiveId, _err: &HttpError) {}
    fn handle_http_progress(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _request_id: LiveId, _progress: &HttpProgress) {}
    fn handle_http_stream(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _request_id: LiveId, _data: &HttpResponse) {}
    fn handle_http_stream_complete(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _request_id: LiveId, _data: &HttpResponse) {}

    // Signals
    fn handle_signal(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx) {}

    // Media devices
    fn handle_audio_devices(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &AudioDevicesEvent) {}
    fn handle_midi_ports(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &MidiPortsEvent) {}
    fn handle_video_inputs(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &VideoInputsEvent) {}
}

标准 App 样板代码（必需）

每个 Makepad 2.0 应用都需要以下 Rust 结构：

use makepad_widgets::*;

app_main!(App);

script_mod! {
    // ... Splash UI code ...
}

impl App {
    fn run(vm: &mut ScriptVm) -> Self {
        crate::makepad_widgets::script_mod(vm);
        App::from_script_mod(vm, self::script_mod)
    }
}

#[derive(Script, ScriptHook)]
pub struct App {
    #[live]
    ui: WidgetRef,
}

impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_actions(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, actions: &Actions) {
        // Handle widget actions here
    }
}

impl AppMain for App {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &Event) {
        self.match_event(cx, event);
        self.ui.handle_event(cx, event, &mut Scope::empty());
    }
}

重要：handle_event 必须同时调用 self.match_event(cx, event)（将事件分发给 MatchEvent 处理器）和 self.ui.handle_event(cx, event, &mut Scope::empty()) （将事件传递给控件）。

---

3. 控件操作 API

在 Rust 中使用 self.ui.widget_type(cx, ids!(name)) 访问控件，然后传入 &Actions 引用以查询其操作状态。

Button

// Access: self.ui.button(cx, ids!(my_button))
// Returns ButtonRef

.clicked(actions) -> bool           // Was clicked (finger down + up inside)
.pressed(actions) -> bool           // Was pressed down
.long_pressed(actions) -> bool      // Was long-pressed (not yet released)
.released(actions) -> bool          // Was released (NOT a click)
.clicked_modifiers(actions) -> Option<KeyModifiers>   // Clicked with modifier keys
.pressed_modifiers(actions) -> Option<KeyModifiers>
.released_modifiers(actions) -> Option<KeyModifiers>

TextInput

// Access: self.ui.text_input(cx, ids!(my_input))
// Returns TextInputRef

.changed(actions) -> Option<String>                    // Text changed, returns new text
.returned(actions) -> Option<(String, KeyModifiers)>   // Enter pressed, returns text + mods
.escaped(actions) -> bool                              // Escape pressed
.key_down_unhandled(actions) -> Option<KeyEvent>       // Unhandled key event
.selected_text() -> String                             // Current selection (no actions needed)

CheckBox

// Access: self.ui.check_box(cx, ids!(my_check))
// Returns CheckBoxRef

.changed(actions) -> Option<bool>   // Toggled, returns new checked state

DropDown

// Access: self.ui.drop_down(cx, ids!(my_dropdown))
// Returns DropDownRef

.selected(actions) -> Option<usize>        // Item selected, returns index
.changed(actions) -> Option<usize>         // Same as selected
.changed_label(actions) -> Option<String>  // Item selected, returns label string
.selected_item() -> usize                  // Current selection (no actions needed)
.selected_label() -> String                // Current label (no actions needed)

Slider

// Access: self.ui.slider(cx, ids!(my_slider))
// Returns SliderRef

.slided(actions) -> Option<f64>     // Value changed during slide or text edit
.end_slide(actions) -> Option<f64>  // Slide ended or text committed
.value() -> Option<f64>             // Current value (no actions needed)

RadioButton／RadioButtonGroup

// Access: self.ui.radio_button(cx, ids!(my_radio))
// Returns RadioButtonRef

.clicked(actions) -> bool                          // Was clicked
// For groups:
.selected(cx, actions) -> Option<usize>            // Selected index in group

LinkLabel

// Access: self.ui.link_label(cx, ids!(my_link))
// Returns LinkLabelRef

.clicked(actions) -> bool
.clicked_modifiers(actions) -> Option<KeyModifiers>

完整示例

impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_actions(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, actions: &Actions) {
        if self.ui.button(cx, ids!(increment_button)).clicked(actions) {
            script_eval!(cx, {
                mod.state.counter += 1
                ui.main_view.render()
            });
        }

        if let Some(text) = self.ui.text_input(cx, ids!(search_input)).changed(actions) {
            self.perform_search(cx, &text);
        }

        if let Some(checked) = self.ui.check_box(cx, ids!(dark_mode)).changed(actions) {
            self.set_theme(cx, checked);
        }

        if let Some(index) = self.ui.drop_down(cx, ids!(language)).selected(actions) {
            self.change_language(cx, index);
        }
    }
}

---

4. script_eval! 宏 —— Rust 与 Splash 通信

script_eval! 在 Rust 处理器中执行 Splash 代码。它是从 Rust 更新 Splash 状态并触发 UI 重新渲染的主要桥梁。

签名：script_eval!(cx_or_vm, { splash_code })

第一个参数可以是 &mut Cx（在事件处理器内），也可以是 &mut ScriptVm（在初始化期间）。

// Update Splash state and re-render
if self.ui.button(cx, ids!(increment_button)).clicked(actions) {
    script_eval!(cx, {
        mod.state.counter += 1
        ui.main_view.render()
    });
}

// Pass Rust values into Splash using #(expr) interpolation
let rust_string = "Hello from Rust";
script_eval!(cx, {
    mod.value = #(rust_string)
});

// During init (inside App::run), use vm instead of cx
impl App {
    fn run(vm: &mut ScriptVm) -> Self {
        crate::makepad_widgets::theme_mod(vm);
        script_eval!(vm, {
            mod.theme = mod.themes.light
        });
        crate::makepad_widgets::widgets_mod(vm);
        App::from_script_mod(vm, self::script_mod)
    }
}

使用 #(expr) 插入值

在 script_eval! 内，使用 #(rust_expression) 将 Rust 值插入 Splash：

let count = 42_u64;
let message = "items found".to_string();
script_eval!(cx, {
    mod.state.count = #(count)
    mod.state.message = #(message)
    ui.results_view.render()
});

---

5. script_apply_eval! 宏——运行时属性修补

script_apply_eval! 可在运行时从 Rust 修补 widget 属性。与运行通用 Splash 代码的 script_eval! 不同，此宏面向特定的 widget 引用，并直接应用属性更改。

签名：script_apply_eval!(cx, widget_ref, { property_patches })

// Patch a single property
let height = 500.0_f64;
script_apply_eval!(cx, item, {
    page_view: { height: #(height) }
});

// Patch margin
let margin = Inset { top: 10.0, bottom: 10.0, left: 5.0, right: 5.0 };
script_apply_eval!(cx, content_view, {
    margin: #(margin)
});

// Patch width with a Makepad type
script_apply_eval!(cx, content_view, {
    width: #(Size::fit())
});

// Patch nested draw shader properties
let bg_color = vec4(0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0);
let triangle_height = 8.0_f64;
script_apply_eval!(cx, content, {
    draw_bg +: {
        triangle_height: #(triangle_height)
        background_color: #(bg_color)
    }
});

---

6. 从 Rust 访问 Widget 引用

按 ID 访问 widget

使用 self.ui.widget_type(cx, ids!(name)) 获取类型化引用：

self.ui.button(cx, ids!(increment_button))       // -> ButtonRef
self.ui.label(cx, ids!(status_label))             // -> LabelRef
self.ui.text_input(cx, ids!(search_input))        // -> TextInputRef
self.ui.check_box(cx, ids!(dark_mode))            // -> CheckBoxRef
self.ui.drop_down(cx, ids!(language))             // -> DropDownRef
self.ui.slider(cx, ids!(volume))                  // -> SliderRef
self.ui.view(cx, ids!(content))                   // -> ViewRef
self.ui.radio_button(cx, ids!(option_a))          // -> RadioButtonRef

使用 ids! 访问嵌套 widget

使用点号表示法访问嵌套 widget：

self.ui.label(cx, ids!(container.inner.child_label))
self.ui.button(cx, ids!(toolbar.save_button))

通用 widget 访问

self.ui.widget(cx, ids!(my_widget))    // -> WidgetRef (untyped)

常见的 widget setter 方法（从 Rust 调用）

// Label
self.ui.label(cx, ids!(my_label)).set_text(cx, "Hello");

// TextInput
self.ui.text_input(cx, ids!(my_input)).set_text(cx, "default value");

// CheckBox
if let Some(mut inner) = self.ui.check_box(cx, ids!(my_check)).borrow_mut() {
    inner.set_active(cx, true);
}

// DropDown
self.ui.drop_down(cx, ids!(my_dd)).set_selected_item(cx, 2);
self.ui.drop_down(cx, ids!(my_dd)).set_labels(cx, vec!["A".into(), "B".into()]);

// Slider
self.ui.slider(cx, ids!(my_slider)).set_value(cx, 0.5);

// Redraw any widget
self.ui.widget(cx, ids!(my_widget)).redraw(cx);

// Visibility
self.ui.button(cx, ids!(my_button)).set_visible(cx, false);

---

7. 从 Splash 调用 Widget 方法

在 script_mod! 的 Splash 代码中，通过 ui 前缀访问 widget：

// Trigger a re-render of a view's on_render handler
ui.main_view.render()

// Get text from a TextInput
let text = ui.todo_input.text()

// Set text on a TextInput
ui.todo_input.set_text("")

// Trigger a click on another widget
ui.add_button.on_click()

---

8. 命中事件（底层）

对于需要处理原始输入的自定义 widget，Hit 枚举提供底层事件。可在 widget 的 handle_event 中通过 event.hits(cx, area) 访问这些事件。

pub enum Hit {
    // Keyboard focus
    KeyFocus(KeyFocusEvent),
    KeyFocusLost(KeyFocusEvent),

    // Keyboard input
    KeyDown(KeyEvent),
    KeyUp(KeyEvent),

    // Text input
    TextInput(TextInputEvent),
    TextRangeReplace(TextRangeReplaceEvent),
    TextCopy(TextClipboardEvent),
    TextCut(TextClipboardEvent),
    ImeAction(ImeActionEvent),

    // Pointer/finger events
    FingerDown(FingerDownEvent),
    FingerMove(FingerMoveEvent),
    FingerUp(FingerUpEvent),
    FingerScroll(FingerScrollEvent),
    FingerLongPress(FingerLongPressEvent),

    // Hover events
    FingerHoverIn(FingerHoverEvent),
    FingerHoverOver(FingerHoverEvent),
    FingerHoverOut(FingerHoverEvent),

    // Triggers
    Trigger(TriggerHitEvent),

    Nothing,
}

在自定义 widget 中使用

impl Widget for MyCustomWidget {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &Event, _scope: &mut Scope) {
        match event.hits(cx, self.draw_bg.area()) {
            Hit::FingerDown(fd) => {
                cx.set_key_focus(self.draw_bg.area());
                // fd.abs -- absolute position
                // fd.rel -- relative position within widget
                // fd.modifiers -- KeyModifiers
            }
            Hit::FingerUp(fu) => {
                if fu.is_over {
                    // Finger was released inside the widget = click
                    let uid = self.widget_uid();
                    cx.widget_action(uid, MyWidgetAction::Clicked);
                }
            }
            Hit::FingerMove(fm) => {
                // fm.abs, fm.rel -- current position
            }
            Hit::FingerHoverIn(_) => {
                self.animator_play(cx, ids!(hover.on));
            }
            Hit::FingerHoverOut(_) => {
                self.animator_play(cx, ids!(hover.off));
            }
            Hit::KeyDown(ke) => {
                match ke.key_code {
                    KeyCode::ReturnKey => { /* handle enter */ }
                    KeyCode::Escape => { /* handle escape */ }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }
}

---

9. 定时器事件

通过 Cx 方法创建定时器，并在 handle_timer 中接收。

创建定时器

// One-shot timer (fires once after delay in seconds)
let timer: Timer = cx.start_timeout(2.0);  // 2 seconds

// Repeating timer (fires every interval seconds)
let timer: Timer = cx.start_interval(0.5); // every 500ms

// Stop a timer
cx.stop_timer(timer);

处理定时器事件

#[derive(Script, ScriptHook)]
pub struct App {
    #[live]
    ui: WidgetRef,
    #[rust]
    poll_timer: Timer,
}

impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_startup(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx) {
        self.poll_timer = cx.start_interval(30.0);
    }

    fn handle_timer(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &TimerEvent) {
        if self.poll_timer.is_timer(event).is_some() {
            self.do_periodic_work(cx);
        }
    }
}

---

10. HTTP / 网络事件

从 Rust 发起 HTTP 请求

let request_id = live_id!(my_request);
let mut req = HttpRequest::new(url, HttpMethod::Get);
req.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json");
req.set_body(body_bytes);
cx.http_request(request_id, req);

处理 HTTP 响应

impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_http_response(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, request_id: LiveId, response: &HttpResponse) {
        if request_id == live_id!(my_request) {
            let body = &response.body;
            // Process response...
        }
    }

    fn handle_http_request_error(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, request_id: LiveId, err: &HttpError) {
        if request_id == live_id!(my_request) {
            log!("Request failed: {}", err.message);
        }
    }

    fn handle_http_progress(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, request_id: LiveId, progress: &HttpProgress) {
        if request_id == live_id!(my_request) {
            let pct = progress.loaded as f64 / progress.total as f64;
            // Update progress UI...
        }
    }

    // For streaming responses
    fn handle_http_stream(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, request_id: LiveId, data: &HttpResponse) {
        // Receive incremental chunks
    }

    fn handle_http_stream_complete(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, request_id: LiveId, data: &HttpResponse) {
        // Stream finished
    }
}

从 Splash 发起 HTTP 请求

let req = net.HttpRequest{
    url: "https://api.example.com/data"
    method: net.HttpMethod.GET
    headers: {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
}
net.http_request(req) do net.HttpEvents{
    on_response: |res| {
        // handle response
        let data = res.body.to_string().parse_json()
    }
    on_error: |e| {
        // handle error
    }
}

// Streaming HTTP request
let req = net.HttpRequest{
    url: "https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions"
    method: net.HttpMethod.POST
    headers: {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
    is_streaming: true
    body: {model: "gpt-4" messages: [{role: "user" content: "Hello"}]}
}
net.http_request(req) do net.HttpEvents{
    on_stream: fn(res){
        // Process each streaming chunk
        let chunk = res.body.to_string()
    }
    on_complete: fn(res){
        // Stream finished
    }
}

---

11. 事件流图

User Input (click/key/mouse)
    |
    v
Platform Event Loop (Cx)
    |
    v
AppMain::handle_event(&mut self, cx, event)
    |
    +--> self.match_event(cx, event)
    |       |
    |       +--> MatchEvent::handle_startup / handle_shutdown / ...
    |       +--> MatchEvent::handle_actions(cx, actions)
    |       |       |
    |       |       +--> self.ui.button(cx, ids!(name)).clicked(actions)
    |       |       +--> script_eval!(cx, { ... })
    |       |               |
    |       |               v
    |       |           ScriptVm::eval -> updates Splash state
    |       |               |
    |       |               +--> ui.view.render() -> schedules re-draw
    |       |
    |       +--> MatchEvent::handle_timer(cx, event)
    |       +--> MatchEvent::handle_http_response(cx, id, response)
    |       +--> MatchEvent::handle_key_down(cx, event)
    |
    +--> self.ui.handle_event(cx, event, scope)
            |
            +--> Widget tree event propagation
            +--> Hit detection (FingerDown/Up/Move)
            +--> Splash on_click / on_return handlers execute
            +--> on_render handlers execute during draw
            +--> Widget actions emitted -> feed back into Actions

---

12. 完整模式

模式 1：计数器（按钮点击 -> 状态更新 -> 重新渲染）

use makepad_widgets::*;

app_main!(App);

script_mod! {
    use mod.prelude.widgets.*
    let state = {
        counter: 0
    }
    mod.state = state
    startup() do #(App::script_component(vm)){
        ui: Root{
            on_startup: ||{
                ui.main_view.render()
            }
            main_window := Window{
                window.inner_size: vec2(420, 220)
                body +: {
                    main_view := View{
                        width: Fill
                        height: Fill
                        flow: Down
                        spacing: 12
                        align: Center
                        on_render: ||{
                            counter_label := Label{
                                text: "Count: " + state.counter
                                draw_text.text_style.font_size: 24
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    increment_button := Button{
                        text: "Increment"
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl App {
    fn run(vm: &mut ScriptVm) -> Self {
        crate::makepad_widgets::script_mod(vm);
        App::from_script_mod(vm, self::script_mod)
    }
}

#[derive(Script, ScriptHook)]
pub struct App {
    #[live]
    ui: WidgetRef,
}

impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_actions(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, actions: &Actions) {
        if self.ui.button(cx, ids!(increment_button)).clicked(actions) {
            script_eval!(cx, {
                mod.state.counter += 1
                ui.main_view.render()
            });
        }
    }
}

impl AppMain for App {
    fn handle_event(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, event: &Event) {
        self.match_event(cx, event);
        self.ui.handle_event(cx, event, &mut Scope::empty());
    }
}

模式 2：表单（文本输入 -> 验证 -> 提交）

// Inside script_mod!

fn submit_form(){
    let name = ui.name_input.text()
    let email = ui.email_input.text()
    if name == "" {
        ui.error_label.set_text("Name is required")
    } else if email == "" {
        ui.error_label.set_text("Email is required")
    } else {
        // Process form...
        ui.error_label.set_text("")
        ui.name_input.set_text("")
        ui.email_input.set_text("")
    }
}

// In the UI tree:
name_input := TextInput{
    empty_text: "Your name"
}
email_input := TextInput{
    empty_text: "[email protected]"
    on_return: || submit_form()
}
submit_button := Button{
    text: "Submit"
    on_click: || submit_form()
}
error_label := Label{
    text: ""
    draw_text.color: #f00
}

模式 3：带有逐项事件的列表

let items = []
items.push({name: "Item A", selected: false})
items.push({name: "Item B", selected: false})

fn toggle_item(index, checked){
    items[index].selected = checked
}

fn delete_item(index){
    items.remove(index)
    ui.item_list.render()
}

// In UI:
item_list := ScrollYView{
    width: Fill height: Fill
    new_batch: true
    on_render: ||{
        for i, item in items {
            RoundedView{
                width: Fill height: Fit
                flow: Right
                check := CheckBox{
                    active: item.selected
                    on_click: |checked| toggle_item(i, checked)
                }
                Label{text: item.name}
                Button{
                    text: "Delete"
                    on_click: || delete_item(i)
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

模式 4：跨层通信（Splash 状态 + Rust 逻辑）

// Rust side: handle complex logic, then update Splash state
impl MatchEvent for App {
    fn handle_actions(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, actions: &Actions) {
        if self.ui.button(cx, ids!(fetch_button)).clicked(actions) {
            // Rust handles the HTTP request
            let request_id = live_id!(fetch_data);
            let req = HttpRequest::new("https://api.example.com/data", HttpMethod::Get);
            cx.http_request(request_id, req);
        }
    }

    fn handle_http_response(&mut self, cx: &mut Cx, request_id: LiveId, response: &HttpResponse) {
        if request_id == live_id!(fetch_data) {
            let data = String::from_utf8_lossy(&response.body).to_string();
            // Bridge back to Splash to update UI
            script_eval!(cx, {
                mod.state.data = #(data)
                mod.state.loading = false
                ui.results_view.render()
            });
        }
    }
}

---

源文件参考

文件	用途
draw/src/match_event.rs	MatchEvent trait 定义
widgets/src/widget_match_event.rs	WidgetMatchEvent trait（用于自定义 widget）
platform/src/event/event.rs	Event 枚举、Hit 枚举、Timer
platform/src/event/finger.rs	手指／指针事件类型
platform/script/src/lib.rs	script_eval! 宏定义
platform/script/derive/src/lib.rs	script_apply_eval! 过程宏
widgets/src/button.rs	Button 操作 API
widgets/src/text_input.rs	TextInput 操作 API
widgets/src/check_box.rs	CheckBox 操作 API
widgets/src/drop_down.rs	DropDown 操作 API
widgets/src/slider.rs	Slider 操作 API
widgets/src/radio_button.rs	RadioButton 操作 API
examples/counter/src/app.rs	计数器示例（精简版）
examples/todo/src/app.rs	Todo 示例（综合版）
examples/git/src/app.rs	Git 示例（HTTP、定时器）
examples/camera/src/	相机示例（媒体事件）
examples/text_selection/src/	文本选择示例

---

13. 新增事件（2026 年 3 月）

选择与剪贴板事件

新增用于文本选择和剪贴板操作的 Hit 变体：

Hit::TextCopy(TextClipboardEvent)  // User copied text (Ctrl+C or native toolbar)
Hit::TextCut(TextClipboardEvent)   // User cut text (Ctrl+X or native toolbar)

移动端选择手柄： iOS/Android 上的原生选择手柄会触发：

Event::SelectionHandleDrag  // User dragging a selection handle

长按文本可选择一个词，并显示原生剪贴板工具栏。TextFlow widget 会自动集成剪贴板操作。

弹出窗口事件

用于弹出窗口（上下文菜单、下拉菜单）：

Event::WindowClosed    // Popup window was closed
Event::PopupDismissed  // Popup was dismissed by compositor (Wayland) or click-outside

WindowClosed 始终先于 PopupDismissed 触发。应用必须处理 PopupDismissed，以实现显式关闭语义。

IME 事件

用于 CJK 文本输入的 IME（输入法编辑器）支持：

Hit::ImeAction(ImeActionEvent)     // IME composition committed/cancelled
Hit::TextRangeReplace(TextRangeReplaceEvent)  // IME text replacement

Linux X11 IME： 已为 X11 添加完整的 IME 支持。已修复 IME 弹出窗口定位问题，避免其在 TextInput 未获得焦点时出现。

视频与媒体事件

// In MatchEvent trait:
fn handle_video_inputs(&mut self, _cx: &mut Cx, _e: &VideoInputsEvent) {}

来自媒体插件系统的视频输入设备枚举事件。摄像头和视频播放事件通过媒体插件架构路由。

主要选区（Linux）

Linux 主要选区（鼠标中键粘贴）：

• Wayland： zwp_primary_selection_device_manager_v1 协议
• X11： PRIMARY 原子处理
• 自动集成到 TextInput 和 TextFlow 控件中