microsoft-extensions-dependency-injection

依赖注入模式

何时使用此技能

在以下情况下使用此技能：

• 在 ASP.NET Core 应用程序中组织服务注册
• 避免 Program.cs/Startup.cs 文件包含数百项注册而变得臃肿
• 让生产环境与测试之间能够复用服务配置
• 设计与 Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection 集成的库

---

问题

如果不加以组织，Program.cs 会变得难以维护：

// BAD: 200+ lines of unorganized registrations
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddScoped<IUserRepository, UserRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IProductRepository, ProductRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IEmailSender, SmtpEmailSender>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IEmailComposer, MjmlEmailComposer>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IEmailLinkGenerator, EmailLinkGenerator>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IPaymentProcessor, StripePaymentProcessor>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IInvoiceGenerator, InvoiceGenerator>();
// ... 150 more lines ...

问题：

• 难以查找相关注册
• 子系统之间没有明确边界
• 无法在测试中复用配置
• 团队协作时容易发生合并冲突
• 无法封装内部依赖

---

解决方案：扩展方法组合

将相关注册分组到扩展方法中：

// GOOD: Clean, composable Program.cs
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services
    .AddUserServices()
    .AddOrderServices()
    .AddEmailServices()
    .AddPaymentServices()
    .AddValidators();

var app = builder.Build();

每个 Add* 方法都会封装一组内聚的注册。

---

扩展方法模式

基本结构

namespace MyApp.Users;

public static class UserServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddUserServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        // Repositories
        services.AddScoped<IUserRepository, UserRepository>();
        services.AddScoped<IUserReadStore, UserReadStore>();
        services.AddScoped<IUserWriteStore, UserWriteStore>();

        // Services
        services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();
        services.AddScoped<IUserValidationService, UserValidationService>();

        // Return for chaining
        return services;
    }
}

配合配置使用

namespace MyApp.Email;

public static class EmailServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddEmailServices(
        this IServiceCollection services,
        string configSectionName = "EmailSettings")
    {
        // Bind configuration
        services.AddOptions<EmailOptions>()
            .BindConfiguration(configSectionName)
            .ValidateDataAnnotations()
            .ValidateOnStart();

        // Register services
        services.AddSingleton<IMjmlTemplateRenderer, MjmlTemplateRenderer>();
        services.AddSingleton<IEmailLinkGenerator, EmailLinkGenerator>();
        services.AddScoped<IUserEmailComposer, UserEmailComposer>();
        services.AddScoped<IOrderEmailComposer, OrderEmailComposer>();

        // SMTP client depends on environment
        services.AddScoped<IEmailSender, SmtpEmailSender>();

        return services;
    }
}

依赖其他扩展方法

namespace MyApp.Orders;

public static class OrderServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddOrderServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        // This subsystem depends on email services
        // Caller is responsible for calling AddEmailServices() first
        // Or we can call it here if it's idempotent

        services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();
        services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();
        services.AddScoped<IOrderEmailNotifier, OrderEmailNotifier>();

        return services;
    }
}

---

文件组织

将扩展方法放在其注册的服务附近：

src/
  MyApp.Api/
    Program.cs                    # Composes all Add* methods
  MyApp.Users/
    Services/
      UserService.cs
      IUserService.cs
    Repositories/
      UserRepository.cs
    UserServiceCollectionExtensions.cs   # AddUserServices()
  MyApp.Orders/
    Services/
      OrderService.cs
    OrderServiceCollectionExtensions.cs  # AddOrderServices()
  MyApp.Email/
    Composers/
      UserEmailComposer.cs
    EmailServiceCollectionExtensions.cs  # AddEmailServices()

约定：将 {Feature}ServiceCollectionExtensions.cs 放在功能服务旁边。

---

命名约定

模式	用途
Add{Feature}Services()	通用功能注册
Add{Feature}()	含义明确时使用的简短形式
Configure{Feature}()	主要用于设置选项
Use{Feature}()	中间件（用于 IApplicationBuilder）

// Feature services
services.AddUserServices();
services.AddEmailServices();
services.AddPaymentServices();

// Third-party integrations
services.AddStripePayments();
services.AddSendGridEmail();

// Configuration-heavy
services.ConfigureAuthentication();
services.ConfigureAuthorization();

---

测试优势

主要优势：在测试中复用生产环境配置。

WebApplicationFactory

public class ApiTests : IClassFixture<WebApplicationFactory<Program>>
{
    private readonly WebApplicationFactory<Program> _factory;

    public ApiTests(WebApplicationFactory<Program> factory)
    {
        _factory = factory.WithWebHostBuilder(builder =>
        {
            builder.ConfigureServices(services =>
            {
                // Production services already registered via Add* methods
                // Only override what's different for testing

                // Replace email sender with test double
                services.RemoveAll<IEmailSender>();
                services.AddSingleton<IEmailSender, TestEmailSender>();

                // Replace external payment processor
                services.RemoveAll<IPaymentProcessor>();
                services.AddSingleton<IPaymentProcessor, FakePaymentProcessor>();
            });
        });
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task CreateOrder_SendsConfirmationEmail()
    {
        var client = _factory.CreateClient();
        var emailSender = _factory.Services.GetRequiredService<IEmailSender>() as TestEmailSender;

        await client.PostAsJsonAsync("/api/orders", new CreateOrderRequest(...));

        Assert.Single(emailSender!.SentEmails);
    }
}

Akka.Hosting.TestKit

public class OrderActorSpecs : Akka.Hosting.TestKit.TestKit
{
    protected override void ConfigureAkka(AkkaConfigurationBuilder builder, IServiceProvider provider)
    {
        // Reuse production Akka configuration
        builder.AddOrderActors();
    }

    protected override void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {
        // Reuse production service configuration
        services.AddOrderServices();

        // Override only external dependencies
        services.RemoveAll<IPaymentProcessor>();
        services.AddSingleton<IPaymentProcessor, FakePaymentProcessor>();
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task OrderActor_ProcessesPayment()
    {
        var orderActor = ActorRegistry.Get<OrderActor>();
        orderActor.Tell(new ProcessOrder(orderId));

        ExpectMsg<OrderProcessed>();
    }
}

独立单元测试

public class UserServiceTests
{
    private readonly ServiceProvider _provider;

    public UserServiceTests()
    {
        var services = new ServiceCollection();

        // Reuse production registrations
        services.AddUserServices();

        // Add test infrastructure
        services.AddSingleton<IUserRepository, InMemoryUserRepository>();

        _provider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task CreateUser_ValidData_Succeeds()
    {
        var service = _provider.GetRequiredService<IUserService>();
        var result = await service.CreateUserAsync(new CreateUserRequest(...));

        Assert.True(result.IsSuccess);
    }
}

---

分层扩展方法

对于较大的应用程序，可以按层级组合扩展方法：

// Top-level: Everything the app needs
public static class AppServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddAppServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        return services
            .AddDomainServices()
            .AddInfrastructureServices()
            .AddApiServices();
    }
}

// Domain layer
public static class DomainServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddDomainServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        return services
            .AddUserServices()
            .AddOrderServices()
            .AddProductServices();
    }
}

// Infrastructure layer
public static class InfrastructureServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddInfrastructureServices(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        return services
            .AddEmailServices()
            .AddPaymentServices()
            .AddStorageServices();
    }
}

---

Akka.Hosting 集成

同样的模式也适用于 Akka.NET Actor 配置：

public static class OrderActorExtensions
{
    public static AkkaConfigurationBuilder AddOrderActors(
        this AkkaConfigurationBuilder builder)
    {
        return builder
            .WithActors((system, registry, resolver) =>
            {
                var orderProps = resolver.Props<OrderActor>();
                var orderRef = system.ActorOf(orderProps, "orders");
                registry.Register<OrderActor>(orderRef);
            })
            .WithShardRegion<OrderShardActor>(
                typeName: "order-shard",
                (system, registry, resolver) =>
                    entityId => resolver.Props<OrderShardActor>(entityId),
                new OrderMessageExtractor(),
                ShardOptions.Create());
    }
}

// Usage in Program.cs
builder.Services.AddAkka("MySystem", (builder, sp) =>
{
    builder
        .AddOrderActors()
        .AddInventoryActors()
        .AddNotificationActors();
});

完整的 Akka.Hosting 模式请参阅 akka/hosting-actor-patterns 技能。

---

常见模式

条件注册

public static IServiceCollection AddEmailServices(
    this IServiceCollection services,
    IHostEnvironment environment)
{
    services.AddSingleton<IEmailComposer, MjmlEmailComposer>();

    if (environment.IsDevelopment())
    {
        // Use Mailpit in development
        services.AddSingleton<IEmailSender, MailpitEmailSender>();
    }
    else
    {
        // Use real SMTP in production
        services.AddSingleton<IEmailSender, SmtpEmailSender>();
    }

    return services;
}

基于工厂的注册

public static IServiceCollection AddPaymentServices(
    this IServiceCollection services,
    string configSection = "Stripe")
{
    services.AddOptions<StripeOptions>()
        .BindConfiguration(configSection)
        .ValidateOnStart();

    // Factory for complex initialization
    services.AddSingleton<IPaymentProcessor>(sp =>
    {
        var options = sp.GetRequiredService<IOptions<StripeOptions>>().Value;
        var logger = sp.GetRequiredService<ILogger<StripePaymentProcessor>>();

        return new StripePaymentProcessor(options.ApiKey, options.WebhookSecret, logger);
    });

    return services;
}

键控服务（.NET 8+）

public static IServiceCollection AddNotificationServices(this IServiceCollection services)
{
    // Register multiple implementations with keys
    services.AddKeyedSingleton<INotificationSender, EmailNotificationSender>("email");
    services.AddKeyedSingleton<INotificationSender, SmsNotificationSender>("sms");
    services.AddKeyedSingleton<INotificationSender, PushNotificationSender>("push");

    // Resolver that picks the right one
    services.AddScoped<INotificationDispatcher, NotificationDispatcher>();

    return services;
}

---

反模式

不要：在 Program.cs 中注册所有内容

// BAD: Massive Program.cs
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddScoped<IUserRepository, UserRepository>();
builder.Services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();
// ... 200 more lines ...

不要：创建过于通用的扩展方法

// BAD: Too vague, doesn't communicate what's registered
public static IServiceCollection AddServices(this IServiceCollection services)
{
    // Registers 50 random things
}

不要：隐藏重要配置

// BAD: Buried important settings
public static IServiceCollection AddDatabase(this IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
        options.UseSqlServer("hardcoded-connection-string"));  // Hidden!
}

// GOOD: Accept configuration explicitly
public static IServiceCollection AddDatabase(
    this IServiceCollection services,
    string connectionString)
{
    services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
        options.UseSqlServer(connectionString));
}

---

最佳实践总结

实践	优势
将相关服务分组到 Add* 方法中	让 Program.cs 保持简洁，边界清晰
将扩展方法放在其注册的服务附近	便于查找和维护
返回 IServiceCollection 以支持链式调用	流畅的 API
接受配置参数	灵活性
使用一致的命名（Add{Feature}Services）	易于发现
通过复用生产环境扩展方法进行测试	更有信心，减少重复

---

生命周期管理

根据状态选择合适的生命周期：

生命周期	适用场景	示例
Singleton	无状态、线程安全、创建开销大	配置、HttpClient 工厂、缓存
Scoped	每个请求有状态、数据库上下文	DbContext、存储库、用户上下文
Transient	轻量、有状态、创建成本低	验证器、短期辅助对象

经验法则

// SINGLETON: Stateless services, shared safely
services.AddSingleton<IMjmlTemplateRenderer, MjmlTemplateRenderer>();
services.AddSingleton<IEmailLinkGenerator, EmailLinkGenerator>();

// SCOPED: Database access, per-request state
services.AddScoped<IUserRepository, UserRepository>();  // DbContext dependency
services.AddScoped<IOrderService, OrderService>();       // Uses scoped repos

// TRANSIENT: Cheap, short-lived
services.AddTransient<CreateUserRequestValidator>();

作用域要求

**Scoped 服务需要存在一个作用域。**在 ASP.NET Core 中，每个 HTTP 请求都会自动创建一个作用域。但在其他上下文（后台服务、Actor）中，必须手动创建作用域。

// ASP.NET Controller - scope exists automatically
public class OrdersController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly IOrderService _orderService;  // Scoped - works!

    public OrdersController(IOrderService orderService)
    {
        _orderService = orderService;
    }
}

// Background Service - no automatic scope!
public class OrderProcessingService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;

    public OrderProcessingService(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
    {
        // Inject IServiceProvider, NOT scoped services directly
        _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
    }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        while (!ct.IsCancellationRequested)
        {
            // Create scope manually for each unit of work
            using var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope();
            var orderService = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderService>();

            await orderService.ProcessPendingOrdersAsync(ct);
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1), ct);
        }
    }
}

---

Akka.NET Actor 作用域管理

**Actor 不会自动获得 DI 作用域。**如果需要在 Actor 中使用 Scoped 服务，请注入 IServiceProvider 并手动创建作用域。

模式：每条消息一个作用域

public sealed class AccountProvisionActor : ReceiveActor
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;
    private readonly IActorRef _mailingActor;

    public AccountProvisionActor(
        IServiceProvider serviceProvider,
        IRequiredActor<MailingActor> mailingActor)
    {
        _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
        _mailingActor = mailingActor.ActorRef;

        ReceiveAsync<ProvisionAccount>(HandleProvisionAccount);
    }

    private async Task HandleProvisionAccount(ProvisionAccount msg)
    {
        // Create scope for this message processing
        using var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope();

        // Resolve scoped services
        var userManager = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<UserManager<User>>();
        var orderRepository = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderRepository>();
        var emailComposer = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IPaymentEmailComposer>();

        // Do work with scoped services
        var user = await userManager.FindByIdAsync(msg.UserId);
        var order = await orderRepository.CreateAsync(msg.Order);

        // DbContext commits when scope disposes
    }
}

此模式为何有效

1. 每条消息都会创建新的 DbContext——不会跟踪过期实体
2. 妥善释放——每条消息处理完后都会释放连接
3. 隔离性——一条消息的错误不会影响其他消息
4. 可测试——可以注入模拟的 IServiceProvider

Actor 中的单例服务

对于无状态服务，直接注入即可（无需作用域）：

public sealed class NotificationActor : ReceiveActor
{
    private readonly IEmailLinkGenerator _linkGenerator;  // Singleton - OK!
    private readonly IActorRef _mailingActor;

    public NotificationActor(
        IEmailLinkGenerator linkGenerator,  // Direct injection
        IRequiredActor<MailingActor> mailingActor)
    {
        _linkGenerator = linkGenerator;
        _mailingActor = mailingActor.ActorRef;

        Receive<SendWelcomeEmail>(Handle);
    }
}

Akka.DependencyInjection 参考资料

Akka.NET 的 DI 集成文档：

• Akka.DependencyInjection：https://getakka.net/articles/actors/dependency-injection.html
• Akka.Hosting：https://github.com/akkadotnet/Akka.Hosting

---

常见错误

将作用域服务注入单例

// BAD: Singleton captures scoped service - stale DbContext!
public class CacheService  // Registered as Singleton
{
    private readonly IUserRepository _repo;  // Scoped!

    public CacheService(IUserRepository repo)  // Captured at startup!
    {
        _repo = repo;  // This DbContext lives forever - BAD
    }
}

// GOOD: Inject factory or IServiceProvider
public class CacheService
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;

    public CacheService(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
    {
        _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
    }

    public async Task<User> GetUserAsync(string id)
    {
        using var scope = _serviceProvider.CreateScope();
        var repo = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IUserRepository>();
        return await repo.GetByIdAsync(id);
    }
}

后台工作中未创建作用域

// BAD: No scope for scoped services
public class BadBackgroundService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IOrderService _orderService;  // Scoped!

    public BadBackgroundService(IOrderService orderService)
    {
        _orderService = orderService;  // Will throw or behave unexpectedly
    }
}

// GOOD: Create scope for each unit of work
public class GoodBackgroundService : BackgroundService
{
    private readonly IServiceScopeFactory _scopeFactory;

    public GoodBackgroundService(IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
    {
        _scopeFactory = scopeFactory;
    }

    protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        using var scope = _scopeFactory.CreateScope();
        var orderService = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<IOrderService>();
        // ...
    }
}

---

资源

• Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection：https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/extensions/dependency-injection
• Akka.Hosting：https://github.com/akkadotnet/Akka.Hosting
• Akka.DependencyInjection：https://getakka.net/articles/actors/dependency-injection.html
• Options Pattern：参见 microsoft-extensions/configuration 技能