product-ux-expert

产品 UX 专家

核心原则

• 降低认知负担 — 尽可能减少每次交互所需的脑力
• 无障碍优先 — WCAG 2.2 AA 是基准要求，不是事后补救
• 基于证据 — 决策应由用户研究支持，而非主观臆断
• 前瞻性设计 — 在用户提出需求前预测其需要
• 道德设计 — 不使用暗黑模式，透明处理数据
• 移动优先 — 先为最小屏幕设计，再针对更大屏幕进行优化

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快速参考

Nielsen 的 10 项启发式原则

#	启发式原则	关键问题
1	系统状态可见性	用户是否始终清楚当前发生的情况？
2	系统与现实世界相匹配	是否使用用户熟悉的语言和概念？
3	用户控制权与自由	用户能否轻松撤销操作或退出？
4	一致性与标准	是否遵循平台惯例？
5	错误预防	是否能在错误发生前加以防范？
6	识别而非回忆	信息是否直接可见，而非需要用户记忆？
7	灵活性与效率	是否为专家用户提供快捷操作？
8	美观且简约的设计	每个元素是否都有必要？
9	帮助用户识别和解决错误	错误消息是否实用且可操作？
10	帮助与文档	用户需要时能否获得帮助？

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认知心理学

认知负荷类型

Intrinsic Load     — Complexity inherent to the task itself
Extraneous Load    — Unnecessary complexity from poor design (eliminate this!)
Germane Load       — Mental effort for learning/understanding (support this)

关键定律

Hick's Law         — More choices = longer decision time
                   → Limit options to 5-7, use progressive disclosure

Miller's Law       — Working memory holds 7±2 items
                   → Chunk information, use visual grouping

Fitts's Law        — Larger, closer targets are easier to click
                   → Make primary actions big and accessible

Jakob's Law        — Users expect your site to work like others
                   → Follow established patterns

Von Restorff       — Different items are more memorable
                   → Highlight CTAs with contrast

Serial Position    — First and last items remembered best
                   → Put key info at start/end of lists

格式塔原则

Proximity          — Close elements are perceived as groups
Similarity         — Similar elements are perceived as related
Continuity         — Eyes follow smooth lines and curves
Closure            — Mind completes incomplete shapes
Figure-Ground      — Elements seen as foreground or background
Common Region      — Elements in same area are grouped

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启发式评估

流程

1. Define scope         — What screens/flows to evaluate
2. Select evaluators    — 3-5 UX experts (80%+ issues found)
3. Independent review   — Each expert reviews alone
4. Apply heuristics     — Rate severity for each issue
5. Consolidate          — Merge findings, remove duplicates
6. Prioritize           — Rank by severity × frequency
7. Report               — Actionable recommendations

严重程度评级

级别	严重程度	描述
0	不是问题	评估者认为这并非问题
1	表面问题	仅在有额外时间时修复
2	轻微	优先级较低，会造成不便
3	严重	优先级较高，影响显著
4	灾难性	发布前必须修复

问题模板

## Issue: [Brief Description]

**Heuristic:** #N - Name
**Severity:** 0-4
**Location:** Screen / Component / Flow

**Problem:**
What's wrong and why it matters to users.

**Evidence:**
Screenshot or recording link.

**Recommendation:**
Specific fix with before/after comparison.

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用户旅程地图

旅程地图结构

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  PERSONA: [Name, Goals, Context]                                │
├─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────────┤
│ Stage   │ Aware   │ Consider│ Purchase│ Use     │ Advocate     │
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────────┤
│ Actions │ Search  │ Compare │ Signup  │ Onboard │ Share/Review │
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────────┤
│ Touch-  │ Search  │ Website │ Checkout│ App     │ Social       │
│ points  │ Ads     │ Reviews │ Email   │ Support │ Email        │
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────────┤
│ Emotions│   😐    │   🤔    │   😟    │   😊    │    😍        │
│         │ curious │ hopeful │ anxious │ relieved│  delighted   │
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────────┤
│ Pain    │ Too many│ Info    │ Complex │ Unclear │ No referral  │
│ Points  │ options │ overload│ forms   │ next    │ program      │
├─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────────┤
│ Opportu-│ Clear   │ Compare │ 1-click │ Progress│ Share        │
│ nities  │ tagline │ table   │ signup  │ tracker │ incentive    │
└─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────────┘

触点分析

For each touchpoint, evaluate:

1. Entry Point      — How do users arrive?
2. User Goal        — What are they trying to accomplish?
3. Friction         — What slows them down?
4. Emotion          — How do they feel?
5. Drop-off Risk    — Where might they abandon?
6. Opportunity      — How can we improve?

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无障碍（WCAG 2.2 AA）

POUR 原则

Perceivable     — Can users perceive the content?
                  ✓ Text alternatives for images
                  ✓ Captions for video
                  ✓ 4.5:1 color contrast
                  ✓ Resizable text (up to 200%)

Operable        — Can users operate the interface?
                  ✓ Keyboard accessible
                  ✓ No keyboard traps
                  ✓ Skip navigation links
                  ✓ Sufficient time limits
                  ✓ Focus visible (new in 2.2!)

Understandable  — Can users understand the content?
                  ✓ Language declared
                  ✓ Consistent navigation
                  ✓ Error identification
                  ✓ Labels and instructions

Robust          — Works with assistive technology?
                  ✓ Valid HTML
                  ✓ ARIA landmarks
                  ✓ Status messages announced

WCAG 2.2 新增内容（2023-2025）

Focus Not Obscured (AA)      — Focused element not fully hidden
Focus Appearance (AA)        — Visible focus indicator (2px outline)
Dragging Movements (AA)      — Alternatives to drag-and-drop
Target Size (AA)             — Minimum 24×24 CSS pixels
Consistent Help (A)          — Help mechanisms in consistent locations
Redundant Entry (A)          — Don't ask for same info twice
Accessible Authentication (A) — No cognitive function tests for login

快速检查清单

## Accessibility Check

### Perceivable
- [ ] All images have meaningful alt text
- [ ] Videos have captions and transcripts
- [ ] Color contrast ratio ≥ 4.5:1 (text), ≥ 3:1 (large text)
- [ ] Information not conveyed by color alone
- [ ] Text can be resized to 200% without loss

### Operable
- [ ] All functionality available via keyboard
- [ ] Focus order is logical
- [ ] Focus indicator is visible (2px outline minimum)
- [ ] No keyboard traps
- [ ] Skip links provided
- [ ] Touch targets ≥ 24×24px

### Understandable
- [ ] Page language declared
- [ ] Consistent navigation across pages
- [ ] Form errors clearly identified
- [ ] Labels associated with inputs

### Robust
- [ ] Valid HTML (no duplicate IDs)
- [ ] ARIA roles used correctly
- [ ] Works with screen readers (NVDA/VoiceOver)

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交互模式

微交互

Purpose of micro-interactions:
1. Feedback      — Confirm user action (button click, form submit)
2. Status        — Show current state (loading, progress)
3. Guidance      — Direct attention (onboarding tooltips)
4. Delight       — Create emotional connection (subtle animations)

Best Practices:
✓ Keep animations under 300ms
✓ Use easing (ease-out for exits, ease-in for entries)
✓ Respect prefers-reduced-motion
✓ Animate properties that don't trigger layout (transform, opacity)

动效设计原则

Duration Scale:
- Micro (fade, state change)     →  100-200ms
- Small (dropdown, tooltip)      →  200-300ms
- Medium (modal, sidebar)        →  300-400ms
- Large (page transition)        →  400-500ms

Easing:
- ease-out    → Elements entering (decelerate into view)
- ease-in     → Elements exiting (accelerate out of view)
- ease-in-out → Elements moving (natural feel)

表单设计

✓ One column layout (no side-by-side inputs)
✓ Labels above inputs (not placeholder-only)
✓ Group related fields visually
✓ Inline validation (after field blur)
✓ Clear error messages with solutions
✓ Show password option
✓ Autofill support (autocomplete attributes)
✓ Smart defaults based on context

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设计系统集成

组件状态

Every interactive component needs:

Default         — Normal resting state
Hover           — Mouse over (desktop)
Focus           — Keyboard focus (visible ring)
Active          — Being pressed/clicked
Disabled        — Not currently available
Loading         — Processing action
Error           — Validation failed
Success         — Action completed

设计令牌

{
  "color": {
    "text": {
      "primary": "#1a1a1a",
      "secondary": "#6b6b6b",
      "disabled": "#a3a3a3",
      "inverse": "#ffffff"
    },
    "interactive": {
      "default": "#0066cc",
      "hover": "#0052a3",
      "active": "#003d7a",
      "focus": "#0066cc"
    },
    "feedback": {
      "error": "#d32f2f",
      "warning": "#f57c00",
      "success": "#388e3c",
      "info": "#1976d2"
    }
  },
  "spacing": {
    "xs": "4px",
    "sm": "8px",
    "md": "16px",
    "lg": "24px",
    "xl": "32px"
  },
  "radius": {
    "sm": "4px",
    "md": "8px",
    "lg": "16px",
    "full": "9999px"
  }
}

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2025 年 UX 趋势

AI 驱动的个性化

✓ Adaptive interfaces based on user behavior
✓ Predictive content suggestions
✓ Context-aware personalization
✓ Real-time UI adjustments

⚠️ Always provide transparency and user control
⚠️ Respect privacy, use on-device processing when possible

前瞻性设计

Design that:
- Predicts user needs before they ask
- Reduces decision fatigue with smart defaults
- Automates repetitive tasks
- Surfaces relevant information proactively

Example: Pre-filling shipping address based on previous orders

道德设计实践

DO:
✓ Clear consent for data collection
✓ Easy-to-find privacy settings
✓ Honest product representations
✓ Sustainable design (reduce digital carbon)

DON'T (Dark Patterns):
✗ Confirmshaming ("No, I don't want to save money")
✗ Hidden costs
✗ Trick questions
✗ Forced continuity (hard-to-cancel subscriptions)
✗ Misdirection
✗ Roach motels (easy in, hard out)

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评估模板

# UX Evaluation Report

## Overview
- **Product:** [Name]
- **Scope:** [Screens/Flows evaluated]
- **Date:** [Date]
- **Evaluators:** [Names]

## Executive Summary
[2-3 sentences on overall UX health and critical findings]

## Methodology
- Nielsen's 10 Heuristics
- WCAG 2.2 AA Compliance Check
- Cognitive Load Analysis

## Findings by Severity

### Catastrophic (Severity 4)
[Issues that must be fixed immediately]

### Major (Severity 3)
[High priority issues]

### Minor (Severity 2)
[Low priority improvements]

## Accessibility Status
- [ ] WCAG 2.2 A Compliance
- [ ] WCAG 2.2 AA Compliance
- [ ] Screen Reader Compatible
- [ ] Keyboard Navigation Complete

## Recommendations
[Prioritized action items with effort estimates]

## Appendix
- Screenshot evidence
- User testing video clips
- Competitive analysis

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另请参阅

• reference/heuristics.md — 启发式原则详细示例
• reference/accessibility.md — 完整的 WCAG 2.2 检查清单
• reference/psychology.md — 认知心理学深入解析
• reference/journey-mapping.md — 旅程地图模板