pytest

pytest - 专业 Python 测试

概述

pytest 是行业标准的 Python 测试框架，提供 fixture、参数化、标记、插件等强大功能，并可与 FastAPI、Django 和 Flask 无缝集成。它提供简单且可扩展的测试方式，适用于从单元测试到复杂集成场景的各种测试。

主要功能：

• 用于依赖注入的 fixture 系统
• 用于数据驱动测试的参数化功能
• 丰富的断言内省（无需使用 self.assertEqual）
• 插件生态系统（pytest-cov、pytest-asyncio、pytest-mock、pytest-django）
• 支持 Async/await
• 使用 pytest-xdist 并行执行测试
• 测试发现与组织
• 详尽的失败报告

安装：

# Basic pytest
pip install pytest

# With common plugins
pip install pytest pytest-cov pytest-asyncio pytest-mock

# For FastAPI testing
pip install pytest httpx pytest-asyncio

# For Django testing
pip install pytest pytest-django

# For async databases
pip install pytest-asyncio aiosqlite

基本测试模式

1. 简单测试函数

# test_math.py
def add(a, b):
    return a + b

def test_add():
    assert add(2, 3) == 5
    assert add(-1, 1) == 0
    assert add(0, 0) == 0

def test_add_negative():
    assert add(-2, -3) == -5

运行测试：

# Discover and run all tests
pytest

# Verbose output
pytest -v

# Show print statements
pytest -s

# Run specific test file
pytest test_math.py

# Run specific test function
pytest test_math.py::test_add

2. 用测试类进行组织

# test_calculator.py
class Calculator:
    def add(self, a, b):
        return a + b

    def multiply(self, a, b):
        return a * b

class TestCalculator:
    def test_add(self):
        calc = Calculator()
        assert calc.add(2, 3) == 5

    def test_multiply(self):
        calc = Calculator()
        assert calc.multiply(4, 5) == 20

    def test_add_negative(self):
        calc = Calculator()
        assert calc.add(-1, -1) == -2

3. 断言与预期失败

import pytest

# Test exception raising
def divide(a, b):
    if b == 0:
        raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
    return a / b

def test_divide_by_zero():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot divide by zero"):
        divide(10, 0)

def test_divide_success():
    assert divide(10, 2) == 5.0

# Test approximate equality
def test_float_comparison():
    assert 0.1 + 0.2 == pytest.approx(0.3)

# Test containment
def test_list_contains():
    result = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    assert 3 in result
    assert len(result) == 4

Fixtures——依赖注入

基本 Fixtures

# conftest.py
import pytest

@pytest.fixture
def sample_data():
    """Provide sample data for tests."""
    return {"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "email": "[email protected]"}

@pytest.fixture
def empty_list():
    """Provide an empty list."""
    return []

# test_fixtures.py
def test_sample_data(sample_data):
    assert sample_data["name"] == "Alice"
    assert sample_data["age"] == 30

def test_empty_list(empty_list):
    empty_list.append(1)
    assert len(empty_list) == 1

Fixture 作用域

import pytest

# Function scope (default) - runs for each test
@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def user():
    return {"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}

# Class scope - runs once per test class
@pytest.fixture(scope="class")
def database():
    db = setup_database()
    yield db
    db.close()

# Module scope - runs once per test module
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def api_client():
    client = APIClient()
    yield client
    client.shutdown()

# Session scope - runs once for entire test session
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def app_config():
    return load_config()

Fixture 的设置与拆卸

import pytest
import tempfile
import shutil

@pytest.fixture
def temp_directory():
    """Create a temporary directory for test."""
    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
    print(f"
Setup: Created {temp_dir}")

    yield temp_dir  # Provide directory to test

    # Teardown: cleanup after test
    shutil.rmtree(temp_dir)
    print(f"
Teardown: Removed {temp_dir}")

def test_file_creation(temp_directory):
    file_path = f"{temp_directory}/test.txt"
    with open(file_path, "w") as f:
        f.write("test content")

    assert os.path.exists(file_path)

Fixture 依赖关系

import pytest

@pytest.fixture
def database_connection():
    """Database connection."""
    conn = connect_to_db()
    yield conn
    conn.close()

@pytest.fixture
def database_session(database_connection):
    """Database session depends on connection."""
    session = create_session(database_connection)
    yield session
    session.rollback()
    session.close()

@pytest.fixture
def user_repository(database_session):
    """User repository depends on session."""
    return UserRepository(database_session)

def test_create_user(user_repository):
    user = user_repository.create(name="Alice", email="[email protected]")
    assert user.name == "Alice"

参数化——数据驱动测试

基本参数化

import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
    (2, 3, 5),
    (5, 7, 12),
    (-1, 1, 0),
    (0, 0, 0),
    (100, 200, 300),
])
def test_add_parametrized(a, b, expected):
    assert add(a, b) == expected

多个参数

@pytest.mark.parametrize("operation,a,b,expected", [
    ("add", 2, 3, 5),
    ("subtract", 10, 5, 5),
    ("multiply", 4, 5, 20),
    ("divide", 10, 2, 5),
])
def test_calculator_operations(operation, a, b, expected):
    calc = Calculator()
    result = getattr(calc, operation)(a, b)
    assert result == expected

带 ID 的参数化

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input_data,expected", [
    pytest.param({"name": "Alice"}, "Alice", id="valid_name"),
    pytest.param({"name": ""}, None, id="empty_name"),
    pytest.param({}, None, id="missing_name"),
], ids=lambda x: x if isinstance(x, str) else None)
def test_extract_name(input_data, expected):
    result = extract_name(input_data)
    assert result == expected

间接参数化（Fixtures）

@pytest.fixture
def user_data(request):
    """Create user based on parameter."""
    return {"name": request.param, "email": f"{request.param}@example.com"}

@pytest.mark.parametrize("user_data", ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"], indirect=True)
def test_user_creation(user_data):
    assert "@example.com" in user_data["email"]

测试标记

内置标记

import pytest

# Skip test
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="Not implemented yet")
def test_future_feature():
    pass

# Skip conditionally
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Unix-only test")
def test_unix_specific():
    pass

# Expected failure
@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Known bug #123")
def test_known_bug():
    assert False

# Slow test marker
@pytest.mark.slow
def test_expensive_operation():
    time.sleep(5)
    assert True

自定义标记

# pytest.ini
[pytest]
markers =
    slow: marks tests as slow (deselect with '-m "not slow"')
    integration: marks tests as integration tests
    unit: marks tests as unit tests
    smoke: marks tests as smoke tests

# test_custom_markers.py
import pytest

@pytest.mark.unit
def test_fast_unit():
    assert True

@pytest.mark.integration
@pytest.mark.slow
def test_slow_integration():
    # Integration test with database
    pass

@pytest.mark.smoke
def test_critical_path():
    # Smoke test for critical functionality
    pass

按标记运行测试：

# Run only unit tests
pytest -m unit

# Run all except slow tests
pytest -m "not slow"

# Run integration tests
pytest -m integration

# Run unit AND integration
pytest -m "unit or integration"

# Run smoke tests only
pytest -m smoke

FastAPI 测试

基本 FastAPI 测试设置

# app/main.py
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()

class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float

@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"message": "Hello World"}

@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int):
    if item_id == 0:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
    return {"item_id": item_id, "name": f"Item {item_id}"}

@app.post("/items")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return {"name": item.name, "price": item.price, "id": 123}

FastAPI 测试客户端

# conftest.py
import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from app.main import app

@pytest.fixture
def client():
    """FastAPI test client."""
    return TestClient(app)

# test_api.py
def test_read_root(client):
    response = client.get("/")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"message": "Hello World"}

def test_read_item(client):
    response = client.get("/items/1")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"item_id": 1, "name": "Item 1"}

def test_read_item_not_found(client):
    response = client.get("/items/0")
    assert response.status_code == 404
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item not found"}

def test_create_item(client):
    response = client.post(
        "/items",
        json={"name": "Widget", "price": 9.99}
    )
    assert response.status_code == 200
    data = response.json()
    assert data["name"] == "Widget"
    assert data["price"] == 9.99
    assert "id" in data

FastAPI 异步测试

# conftest.py
import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient
from app.main import app

@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
    """Async test client for FastAPI."""
    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as client:
        yield client

# test_async_api.py
import pytest

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_read_root_async(async_client):
    response = await async_client.get("/")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"message": "Hello World"}

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_create_item_async(async_client):
    response = await async_client.post(
        "/items",
        json={"name": "Gadget", "price": 19.99}
    )
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json()["name"] == "Gadget"

使用数据库测试 FastAPI

# conftest.py
import pytest
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from app.database import Base, get_db
from app.main import app

# Test database
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
engine = create_engine(SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False})
TestingSessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)

@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def test_db():
    """Create test database."""
    Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
    yield
    Base.metadata.drop_all(bind=engine)

@pytest.fixture
def client(test_db):
    """Override database dependency."""
    def override_get_db():
        try:
            db = TestingSessionLocal()
            yield db
        finally:
            db.close()

    app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = override_get_db

    with TestClient(app) as test_client:
        yield test_client

    app.dependency_overrides.clear()

# test_users.py
def test_create_user(client):
    response = client.post(
        "/users",
        json={"email": "[email protected]", "password": "secret"}  # pragma: allowlist secret
    )
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json()["email"] == "[email protected]"

def test_read_users(client):
    # Create user first
    client.post("/users", json={"email": "[email protected]", "password": "pass1"})  # pragma: allowlist secret
    client.post("/users", json={"email": "[email protected]", "password": "pass2"})  # pragma: allowlist secret

    # Read users
    response = client.get("/users")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert len(response.json()) == 2

Django 测试

Django pytest 配置

# pytest.ini
[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = myproject.settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py

# conftest.py
import pytest
from django.conf import settings

@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def django_db_setup():
    settings.DATABASES['default'] = {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': ':memory:',
    }

Django 模型测试

# models.py
from django.db import models

class User(models.Model):
    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)

# test_models.py
import pytest
from myapp.models import User

@pytest.mark.django_db
def test_create_user():
    user = User.objects.create(
        email="[email protected]",
        name="Test User"
    )
    assert user.email == "[email protected]"
    assert user.is_active is True

@pytest.mark.django_db
def test_user_unique_email():
    User.objects.create(email="[email protected]", name="User 1")

    with pytest.raises(Exception):  # IntegrityError
        User.objects.create(email="[email protected]", name="User 2")

Django 视图测试

# views.py
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views import View

class UserListView(View):
    def get(self, request):
        users = User.objects.all()
        return JsonResponse({
            "users": list(users.values("id", "email", "name"))
        })

# test_views.py
import pytest
from django.test import Client
from myapp.models import User

@pytest.fixture
def client():
    return Client()

@pytest.mark.django_db
def test_user_list_view(client):
    # Create test data
    User.objects.create(email="[email protected]", name="User 1")
    User.objects.create(email="[email protected]", name="User 2")

    # Test view
    response = client.get("/users/")
    assert response.status_code == 200

    data = response.json()
    assert len(data["users"]) == 2

Django REST Framework 测试

# serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from myapp.models import User

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ['id', 'email', 'name', 'is_active']

# views.py
from rest_framework import viewsets
from myapp.models import User
from myapp.serializers import UserSerializer

class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

# test_api.py
import pytest
from rest_framework.test import APIClient
from myapp.models import User

@pytest.fixture
def api_client():
    return APIClient()

@pytest.mark.django_db
def test_list_users(api_client):
    User.objects.create(email="[email protected]", name="User 1")
    User.objects.create(email="[email protected]", name="User 2")

    response = api_client.get("/api/users/")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert len(response.data) == 2

@pytest.mark.django_db
def test_create_user(api_client):
    data = {"email": "[email protected]", "name": "New User"}
    response = api_client.post("/api/users/", data)

    assert response.status_code == 201
    assert User.objects.filter(email="[email protected]").exists()

模拟与打补丁

pytest-mock（pytest.fixture.mocker）

# Install: pip install pytest-mock

# service.py
import requests

def get_user_data(user_id):
    response = requests.get(f"https://api.example.com/users/{user_id}")
    return response.json()

# test_service.py
def test_get_user_data(mocker):
    # Mock requests.get
    mock_response = mocker.Mock()
    mock_response.json.return_value = {"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}

    mocker.patch("requests.get", return_value=mock_response)

    result = get_user_data(1)
    assert result["name"] == "Alice"

模拟类方法

class UserService:
    def get_user(self, user_id):
        # Database call
        return database.fetch_user(user_id)

    def get_user_name(self, user_id):
        user = self.get_user(user_id)
        return user["name"]

def test_get_user_name(mocker):
    service = UserService()

    # Mock the get_user method
    mocker.patch.object(
        service,
        "get_user",
        return_value={"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}
    )

    result = service.get_user_name(1)
    assert result == "Alice"

使用副作用进行模拟

def test_retry_on_failure(mocker):
    # First call fails, second succeeds
    mock_api = mocker.patch("requests.get")
    mock_api.side_effect = [
        requests.exceptions.Timeout(),  # First call
        mocker.Mock(json=lambda: {"status": "ok"})  # Second call
    ]

    result = api_call_with_retry()
    assert result["status"] == "ok"
    assert mock_api.call_count == 2

监视调用

def test_function_called_correctly(mocker):
    spy = mocker.spy(module, "function_name")

    # Call code that uses the function
    module.run_workflow()

    # Verify it was called
    assert spy.call_count == 1
    spy.assert_called_once_with(arg1="value", arg2=42)

覆盖率与报告

pytest-cov 配置

# Install
pip install pytest-cov

# Run with coverage
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=html --cov-report=term

# Generate coverage report
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=term-missing

# Coverage with minimum threshold
pytest --cov=app --cov-fail-under=80

pytest.ini 覆盖率配置

# pytest.ini
[pytest]
addopts =
    --cov=app
    --cov-report=html
    --cov-report=term-missing
    --cov-fail-under=80
    -v
testpaths = tests
python_files = test_*.py
python_classes = Test*
python_functions = test_*

覆盖率报告

# HTML report (opens in browser)
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=html
open htmlcov/index.html

# Terminal report with missing lines
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=term-missing

# XML report (for CI/CD)
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=xml

# JSON report
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=json

异步测试

pytest-asyncio

# Install: pip install pytest-asyncio

# conftest.py
import pytest

# Enable asyncio mode
pytest_plugins = ('pytest_asyncio',)

# async_service.py
import asyncio
import aiohttp

async def fetch_data(url):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            return await response.json()

# test_async_service.py
import pytest

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_fetch_data(mocker):
    # Mock aiohttp response
    mock_response = mocker.AsyncMock()
    mock_response.json.return_value = {"data": "test"}

    mock_session = mocker.AsyncMock()
    mock_session.__aenter__.return_value.get.return_value.__aenter__.return_value = mock_response

    mocker.patch("aiohttp.ClientSession", return_value=mock_session)

    result = await fetch_data("https://api.example.com/data")
    assert result["data"] == "test"

异步 Fixtures

@pytest.fixture
async def async_db_session():
    """Async database session."""
    async with async_engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)

    async with AsyncSession(async_engine) as session:
        yield session

    async with async_engine.begin() as conn:
        await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.drop_all)

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_create_user_async(async_db_session):
    user = User(email="[email protected]", name="Test")
    async_db_session.add(user)
    await async_db_session.commit()

    result = await async_db_session.execute(
        select(User).where(User.email == "[email protected]")
    )
    assert result.scalar_one().name == "Test"

本地 pytest 配置（你的代码库）

项目 pyproject.toml 中的常见设置：

• asyncio_mode = "auto"（mcp-browser、mcp-memory、claude-mpm、edgar 中的默认值）
• addopts 包含 --strict-markers 和 --strict-config，以确保 CI 一致性
• 覆盖率标志：--cov=<package>、--cov-report=term-missing、--cov-report=xml
• 选择性忽略（mcp-vector-search）：--ignore=tests/manual、--ignore=tests/e2e
• pythonpath = ["src"]，用于解析可编辑安装的导入（mcp-ticketer）

常见标记：

• unit、integration、e2e
• slow、benchmark、performance
• requires_api（edgar）

参考：如需完整列表，请参阅 claude-mpm、edgar、mcp-vector-search、mcp-ticketer 和 kuzu-memory 中的 pyproject.toml。

最佳实践

1. 测试组织

project/
├── app/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── main.py
│   ├── models.py
│   └── services.py
├── tests/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── conftest.py          # Shared fixtures
│   ├── test_models.py       # Model tests
│   ├── test_services.py     # Service tests
│   ├── test_api.py          # API tests
│   └── integration/
│       ├── __init__.py
│       └── test_workflows.py
└── pytest.ini

2. 命名约定

# ✅ GOOD: Clear test names
def test_user_creation_with_valid_email():
    pass

def test_user_creation_raises_error_for_duplicate_email():
    pass

# ❌ BAD: Vague names
def test_user1():
    pass

def test_case2():
    pass

3. Arrange-Act-Assert 模式

def test_user_service_creates_user():
    # Arrange: Setup test data and dependencies
    service = UserService(database=mock_db)
    user_data = {"email": "[email protected]", "name": "Test"}

    # Act: Perform the action being tested
    result = service.create_user(user_data)

    # Assert: Verify the outcome
    assert result.email == "[email protected]"
    assert result.id is not None

4. 使用 Fixtures 进行常见设置

# ❌ BAD: Repeated setup
def test_user_creation():
    db = setup_database()
    user = create_user(db)
    assert user.id is not None
    db.close()

def test_user_deletion():
    db = setup_database()
    user = create_user(db)
    delete_user(db, user.id)
    db.close()

# ✅ GOOD: Fixture-based setup
@pytest.fixture
def db():
    database = setup_database()
    yield database
    database.close()

@pytest.fixture
def user(db):
    return create_user(db)

def test_user_creation(user):
    assert user.id is not None

def test_user_deletion(db, user):
    delete_user(db, user.id)
    assert not user_exists(db, user.id)

5. 对相似测试进行参数化

# ❌ BAD: Duplicate test code
def test_add_positive():
    assert add(2, 3) == 5

def test_add_negative():
    assert add(-2, -3) == -5

def test_add_zero():
    assert add(0, 0) == 0

# ✅ GOOD: Parametrized tests
@pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
    (2, 3, 5),
    (-2, -3, -5),
    (0, 0, 0),
])
def test_add(a, b, expected):
    assert add(a, b) == expected

6. 每个测试只测一件事

# ❌ BAD: Testing multiple things
def test_user_workflow():
    user = create_user()
    assert user.id is not None

    updated = update_user(user.id, name="New Name")
    assert updated.name == "New Name"

    deleted = delete_user(user.id)
    assert deleted is True

# ✅ GOOD: Separate tests
def test_user_creation():
    user = create_user()
    assert user.id is not None

def test_user_update():
    user = create_user()
    updated = update_user(user.id, name="New Name")
    assert updated.name == "New Name"

def test_user_deletion():
    user = create_user()
    result = delete_user(user.id)
    assert result is True

7. 使用标记组织测试

@pytest.mark.unit
def test_pure_function():
    pass

@pytest.mark.integration
@pytest.mark.slow
def test_database_integration():
    pass

@pytest.mark.smoke
def test_critical_path():
    pass

8. 模拟外部依赖

# ✅ GOOD: Mock external API
def test_fetch_user_data(mocker):
    mocker.patch("requests.get", return_value=mock_response)
    result = fetch_user_data(user_id=1)
    assert result["name"] == "Alice"

# ❌ BAD: Real API call in test
def test_fetch_user_data():
    result = fetch_user_data(user_id=1)  # Real HTTP request!
    assert result["name"] == "Alice"

常见陷阱

❌ 反模式 1：测试依赖于执行顺序

# WRONG: Tests should be independent
class TestUserWorkflow:
    user_id = None

    def test_create_user(self):
        user = create_user()
        TestUserWorkflow.user_id = user.id

    def test_update_user(self):
        # Fails if test_create_user didn't run first!
        update_user(TestUserWorkflow.user_id, name="New")

正确写法：

@pytest.fixture
def created_user():
    return create_user()

def test_create_user(created_user):
    assert created_user.id is not None

def test_update_user(created_user):
    update_user(created_user.id, name="New")

❌ 反模式 2：未清理资源

# WRONG: Database not cleaned up
def test_user_creation():
    db = setup_database()
    user = create_user(db)
    assert user.id is not None
    # Database connection not closed!

正确写法：

@pytest.fixture
def db():
    database = setup_database()
    yield database
    database.close()  # Cleanup

❌ 反模式 3：测试实现细节

# WRONG: Testing internal implementation
def test_user_service_uses_cache():
    service = UserService()
    service.get_user(1)
    assert service._cache.has_key(1)  # Testing internal cache!

正确写法：

# Test behavior, not implementation
def test_user_service_returns_user():
    service = UserService()
    user = service.get_user(1)
    assert user.id == 1

❌ 反模式 4：不使用 pytest 功能

# WRONG: Using unittest assertions
import unittest

def test_addition():
    result = add(2, 3)
    unittest.TestCase().assertEqual(result, 5)

正确写法：

# Use pytest's rich assertions
def test_addition():
    assert add(2, 3) == 5

❌ 反模式 5：Fixture 过于复杂

# WRONG: Fixture does too much
@pytest.fixture
def everything():
    db = setup_db()
    user = create_user(db)
    session = login(user)
    cache = setup_cache()
    # ... too many things!
    return {"db": db, "user": user, "session": session, "cache": cache}

正确写法：

# Separate, composable fixtures
@pytest.fixture
def db():
    return setup_db()

@pytest.fixture
def user(db):
    return create_user(db)

@pytest.fixture
def session(user):
    return login(user)

快速参考

常用命令

# Run all tests
pytest

# Verbose output
pytest -v

# Show print statements
pytest -s

# Run specific file
pytest tests/test_api.py

# Run specific test
pytest tests/test_api.py::test_create_user

# Run by marker
pytest -m unit
pytest -m "not slow"

# Run with coverage
pytest --cov=app --cov-report=html

# Parallel execution
pytest -n auto  # Requires pytest-xdist

# Stop on first failure
pytest -x

# Show local variables on failure
pytest -l

# Run last failed tests
pytest --lf

# Run failed tests first
pytest --ff

pytest.ini 模板

[pytest]
# Minimum pytest version
minversion = 7.0

# Test discovery patterns
python_files = test_*.py *_test.py
python_classes = Test*
python_functions = test_*

# Test paths
testpaths = tests

# Command line options
addopts =
    -v
    --strict-markers
    --cov=app
    --cov-report=html
    --cov-report=term-missing
    --cov-fail-under=80

# Markers
markers =
    unit: Unit tests
    integration: Integration tests
    slow: Slow-running tests
    smoke: Smoke tests for critical paths

# Django settings (if using Django)
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = myproject.settings

# Asyncio mode
asyncio_mode = auto

conftest.py 模板

# conftest.py
import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from app.main import app

# FastAPI client fixture
@pytest.fixture
def client():
    return TestClient(app)

# Database fixture
@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def db():
    database = setup_test_database()
    yield database
    database.close()

# Mock user fixture
@pytest.fixture
def mock_user():
    return {"id": 1, "email": "[email protected]", "name": "Test User"}

# Custom pytest configuration
def pytest_configure(config):
    config.addinivalue_line("markers", "api: API tests")
    config.addinivalue_line("markers", "db: Database tests")

资源

• 官方文档：https://docs.pytest.org/
• pytest-asyncio：https://pytest-asyncio.readthedocs.io/
• pytest-cov：https://pytest-cov.readthedocs.io/
• pytest-mock：https://pytest-mock.readthedocs.io/
• pytest-django：https://pytest-django.readthedocs.io/
• FastAPI 测试：https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/

相关技能

使用 pytest 时，可以考虑搭配以下技能：

• fastapi-local-dev：FastAPI 开发服务器模式和测试夹具
• test-driven-development：完整的 TDD 工作流（RED/GREEN/REFACTOR 循环）
• systematic-debugging：调查失败测试的根本原因

TDD 工作流速查参考（内联以便独立使用）

RED → GREEN → REFACTOR 循环：

1. RED 阶段：编写失败的测试

   def test_should_authenticate_user_when_credentials_valid():
       # Test that describes desired behavior
       user = User(username='alice', password='secret123')
       result = authenticate(user)
       assert result.is_authenticated is True
       # This test will fail because authenticate() doesn't exist yet
   

2. GREEN 阶段：让测试通过

   def authenticate(user):
       # Minimum code to pass the test
       if user.username == 'alice' and user.password == 'secret123':  # pragma: allowlist secret
           return AuthResult(is_authenticated=True)
       return AuthResult(is_authenticated=False)
   

3. REFACTOR 阶段：改进代码

   def authenticate(user):
       # Clean up while keeping tests green
       hashed_password = hash_password(user.password)
       stored_user = database.get_user(user.username)
       return AuthResult(
           is_authenticated=(stored_user.password_hash == hashed_password)
       )
   

测试结构：Arrange-Act-Assert（AAA）

def test_user_creation():
    # Arrange: Set up test data
    user_data = {'username': 'alice', 'email': '[email protected]'}

    # Act: Perform the action
    user = create_user(user_data)

    # Assert: Verify outcome
    assert user.username == 'alice'
    assert user.email == '[email protected]'

调试速查参考（内联以便独立使用）

阶段 1：调查根本原因

• 完整阅读错误消息（堆栈跟踪、行号）
• 稳定复现（记录准确步骤）
• 检查近期更改（git log、git diff）
• 了解发生了哪些更改，以及这些更改为何可能导致故障

阶段 2：隔离问题

# Use pytest's built-in debugging
pytest tests/test_auth.py -vv --pdb  # Drop into debugger on failure
pytest tests/test_auth.py -x         # Stop on first failure
pytest tests/test_auth.py -k "auth"  # Run only auth-related tests

# Add strategic print/logging
def test_complex_workflow():
    user = create_user({'username': 'test'})
    print(f"DEBUG: Created user {user.id}")  # Visible with pytest -s
    result = process_user(user)
    print(f"DEBUG: Result status {result.status}")
    assert result.success

阶段 3：修复根本原因

• 修复根本问题，而非表面症状
• 添加回归测试以防止问题再次发生
• 验证修复不会导致其他测试失败

阶段 4：验证解决方案

# Run full test suite
pytest

# Run with coverage
pytest --cov=src --cov-report=html

# Verify specific test patterns
pytest -k "auth or login" -v

[如果一并部署，可在相应技能中查看完整的 TDD 和调试工作流]

---

Python 代码质量反模式

待测试的代码越整洁，就越容易测试；而一些 Python 代码质量缺陷会直接导致测试不稳定或在未通过时仍悄然通过（例如过于宽泛的 except、格式错误的异常类、身份比较与相等比较混淆）。代码质量反模式现已移至专门的技能，不再属于此测试技能：

请参阅 python-code-quality 技能（toolchains/python/quality/code-quality），了解最重要的 Python 反模式——异常层次结构正确性、单例身份比较、窄范围异常处理、避免通配符导入、为魔术数字命名，以及移除无用的局部变量；其中包含不合规与合规示例，以及各项的测试方法。项目级、带严重性标签的审查清单请参阅 code-review-standards 技能。

---

**pytest 版本兼容性：**此技能涵盖 pytest 7.0+，反映了 2025 年 Python 测试的当前最佳实践。