pytest-skill

Pytest 测试技能

核心模式

基本测试

import pytest

def test_addition():
    assert 2 + 3 == 5

def test_exception():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid"):
        int("not_a_number")

class TestCalculator:
    def test_add(self):
        calc = Calculator()
        assert calc.add(2, 3) == 5

    def test_divide_by_zero(self):
        with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
            Calculator().divide(10, 0)

Fixture

@pytest.fixture
def calculator():
    return Calculator()

@pytest.fixture
def db_connection():
    conn = Database.connect("test_db")
    yield conn  # teardown after yield
    conn.rollback()
    conn.close()

@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def api_client():
    client = APIClient(base_url="http://localhost:8000")
    yield client
    client.logout()

# conftest.py - shared fixtures
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def reset_state():
    State.reset()
    yield
    State.cleanup()

# Usage
def test_add(calculator):
    assert calculator.add(2, 3) == 5

参数化

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    ("hello", 5), ("", 0), ("pytest", 6),
])
def test_string_length(input, expected):
    assert len(input) == expected

@pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
    (2, 3, 5), (-1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0),
])
def test_add(calculator, a, b, expected):
    assert calculator.add(a, b) == expected

标记

@pytest.mark.slow
def test_large_dataset(): ...

@pytest.mark.skip(reason="Not implemented")
def test_future_feature(): ...

@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Unix only")
def test_unix_permissions(): ...

@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Known bug #123")
def test_known_bug(): ...

模拟

from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock

def test_send_email(mocker):
    mock_smtp = mocker.patch("myapp.email.smtplib.SMTP")
    send_welcome_email("[email protected]")
    mock_smtp.return_value.sendmail.assert_called_once()

def test_api_call(mocker):
    mock_response = mocker.Mock()
    mock_response.status_code = 200
    mock_response.json.return_value = {"users": [{"name": "Alice"}]}
    mocker.patch("myapp.service.requests.get", return_value=mock_response)
    users = get_users()
    assert len(users) == 1

@patch("myapp.service.database")
def test_save_user(mock_db):
    mock_db.save.return_value = True
    assert save_user({"name": "Alice"}) is True
    mock_db.save.assert_called_once()

断言

assert x == y
assert x != y
assert x in collection
assert isinstance(obj, MyClass)
assert 0.1 + 0.2 == pytest.approx(0.3)

with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
    raise ValueError("bad")
assert "bad" in str(exc_info.value)

反模式

不佳做法	推荐做法	原因
self.assertEqual()	assert x == y	pytest 的重写机制能提供更好的输出
在 __init__ 中进行设置	@pytest.fixture	生命周期管理
全局状态	使用 yield 的 Fixture	妥善清理
过大的测试函数	小而专注的测试	更易调试

快速参考

任务	命令
运行全部测试	pytest
运行指定文件	pytest tests/test_login.py
运行指定测试	pytest tests/test_login.py::test_login_success
按标记筛选	pytest -m slow
按关键字筛选	pytest -k "login and not invalid"
显示详细信息	pytest -v
首次失败时停止	pytest -x
上次失败的测试	pytest --lf
覆盖率	pytest --cov=myapp --cov-report=html
并行运行	pytest -n auto（pytest-xdist）

pyproject.toml

[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
markers = ["slow: slow tests", "integration: integration tests"]
addopts = "-v --tb=short"

深入模式

生产级模式请参阅 reference/playbook.md：

章节	内容
§1 配置	pytest.ini + pyproject.toml，包含标记和覆盖率
§2 Fixture	作用域、工厂、拆卸、autouse、tmp_path
§3 参数化	基础用法、带 ID、笛卡尔积、间接参数化
§4 模拟	pytest-mock、monkeypatch、间谍、环境变量
§5 异步	pytest-asyncio、异步 Fixture、异步客户端
§6 异常	pytest.raises(match=)、警告
§7 标记和插件	自定义标记、收集钩子
§8 基于类的测试	嵌套类、autouse 设置
§9 CI/CD	GitHub Actions 矩阵、覆盖率门槛
§10 调试表	10 个常见问题及修复方法
§11 最佳实践	15 项生产级检查清单