python-testing

Python 测试

使用 pytest、覆盖率、fixture 和最佳实践进行 Python 测试的快速参考。

何时使用此技能

在以下情况下使用此技能……	在以下情况下改用 pytest-advanced……
编写第一个 pytest 测试，学习 fixture 和参数化基础知识	设计可复用的 conftest.py fixture 层级或并行执行标记
设置覆盖率报告并使用 unittest.mock 进行基础模拟	调整 pytest-xdist、自定义标记或 hookimpl 插件
在单个模块上遵循 TDD 的红-绿-重构循环	为多包测试套件构建共享 fixture 库

此技能的适用场景

• 编写单元测试和集成测试
• 测试驱动开发（TDD）
• 测试 fixture 和参数化
• 覆盖率分析
• 模拟和打补丁
• 异步测试

快速参考

运行测试

# Basic test run
uv run pytest

# Verbose output
uv run pytest -v

# Show print statements
uv run pytest -s

# Stop at first failure
uv run pytest -x

# Run specific test
uv run pytest tests/test_module.py::test_function

# Run by keyword
uv run pytest -k "test_user"

测试覆盖率

# Run with coverage
uv run pytest --cov

# HTML report
uv run pytest --cov --cov-report=html

# Show missing lines
uv run pytest --cov --cov-report=term-missing

# Coverage for specific module
uv run pytest --cov=mymodule tests/

Fixture

import pytest

@pytest.fixture
def sample_data():
    return {"key": "value"}

@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def db_connection():
    conn = create_connection()
    yield conn
    conn.close()

def test_with_fixture(sample_data):
    assert sample_data["key"] == "value"

参数化测试

import pytest

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    ("hello", "HELLO"),
    ("world", "WORLD"),
    ("test", "TEST"),
])
def test_uppercase(input: str, expected: str):
    assert input.upper() == expected

@pytest.mark.parametrize("value,is_valid", [
    (1, True),
    (0, False),
    (-1, False),
])
def test_validation(value, is_valid):
    assert validate(value) == is_valid

标记

import pytest

@pytest.mark.slow
def test_slow_operation():
    # Long-running test
    pass

@pytest.mark.skip(reason="Not implemented yet")
def test_future_feature():
    pass

@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Unix only")
def test_unix_specific():
    pass

@pytest.mark.xfail
def test_known_issue():
    # Expected to fail
    pass

# Run only marked tests
uv run pytest -m slow
uv run pytest -m "not slow"

异步测试

import pytest

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_function():
    result = await async_operation()
    assert result == expected_value

@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
    client = AsyncClient()
    await client.connect()
    yield client
    await client.disconnect()

模拟

from unittest.mock import Mock, patch, MagicMock

def test_with_mock():
    mock_obj = Mock()
    mock_obj.method.return_value = "mocked"
    assert mock_obj.method() == "mocked"

@patch('module.external_api')
def test_with_patch(mock_api):
    mock_api.return_value = {"status": "success"}
    result = call_external_api()
    assert result["status"] == "success"

# pytest-mock (cleaner)
def test_with_mocker(mocker):
    mock = mocker.patch('module.function')
    mock.return_value = 42
    assert function() == 42

测试组织

project/
├── src/
│   └── myproject/
│       ├── __init__.py
│       └── module.py
└── tests/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── conftest.py          # Shared fixtures
    ├── test_module.py
    └── integration/
        └── test_api.py

conftest.py

# tests/conftest.py
import pytest

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def app_config():
    return {"debug": True, "testing": True}

@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def reset_db():
    setup_database()
    yield
    teardown_database()

pyproject.toml 配置

[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
python_files = ["test_*.py", "*_test.py"]
python_classes = ["Test*"]
python_functions = ["test_*"]
addopts = [
    "-v",
    "--strict-markers",
    "--cov=src",
    "--cov-report=term-missing",
]
markers = [
    "slow: marks tests as slow",
    "integration: marks tests as integration tests",
]

[tool.coverage.run]
source = ["src"]
omit = ["*/tests/*", "*/test_*.py"]

[tool.coverage.report]
exclude_lines = [
    "pragma: no cover",
    "def __repr__",
    "raise AssertionError",
    "raise NotImplementedError",
    "if __name__ == .__main__.:",
]

常见测试模式

测试异常

import pytest

def test_raises_exception():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        function_that_raises()

def test_raises_with_message():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid input"):
        function_that_raises()

测试警告

import pytest

def test_deprecation_warning():
    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
        deprecated_function()

临时文件

def test_with_tmp_path(tmp_path):
    file_path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
    file_path.write_text("content")
    assert file_path.read_text() == "content"

TDD 工作流

# 1. RED: Write failing test
uv run pytest tests/test_new_feature.py
# FAILED

# 2. GREEN: Implement minimal code
uv run pytest tests/test_new_feature.py
# PASSED

# 3. REFACTOR: Improve code
uv run pytest  # All tests pass

另请参阅

• uv-project-management - 在项目中添加 pytest
• python-code-quality - 将测试与 linting 结合
• python-development - Python 核心开发模式

参考资料

• 官方文档：https://docs.pytest.org/
• 详细指南：请参阅此技能目录中的 REFERENCE.md