rust-cli-builder

Rust CLI 工具构建器

适用场景

在以下情况下使用此技能：

• 使用 clap 从头搭建新的 Rust CLI 工具
• 为现有 CLI 应用添加子命令
• 实现配置文件加载（TOML/JSON/YAML）
• 使用 anyhow/thiserror 设置恰当的错误处理
• 添加彩色且格式化的终端输出
• 组织 CLI 项目，以便通过 cargo install 或 GitHub releases 分发

阶段 1：探索（计划模式）

进入计划模式。在编写任何代码之前，先探索现有项目：

如果要扩展现有项目

• 找到 Cargo.toml 并检查当前依赖（clap 版本、serde、tokio 等）
• 定位 CLI 入口（src/main.rs 或 src/cli.rs）
• 检查 clap 使用的是 derive 宏还是构建器模式
• 识别现有的子命令结构
• 查找现有错误类型、配置结构体和输出格式
• 检查是否有用于将库逻辑与 CLI 分离的 src/lib.rs

如果从头开始

• 检查工作区中是否已有 Rust 项目或工作区 Cargo.toml
• 查找是否有包含自定义设置的 .cargo/config.toml
• 检查 rust-toolchain.toml，了解目标 Rust 版本

阶段 2：访谈（AskUserQuestion）

使用 AskUserQuestion 澄清需求。分轮提问。

第 1 轮：工具用途和命令

Question: "What kind of CLI tool are you building?"
Header: "Tool type"
Options:
  - "Single command (like ripgrep, curl)" — One main action with flags and arguments
  - "Multi-command (like git, cargo)" — Multiple subcommands under one binary
  - "Interactive REPL (like psql)" — Persistent session with a prompt loop
  - "Pipeline tool (like jq, sed)" — Reads stdin, transforms, writes stdout

Question: "What will the tool operate on?"
Header: "Input"
Options:
  - "Files/directories" — Read, process, or generate files
  - "Network/API" — HTTP requests, TCP connections, API calls
  - "System resources" — Processes, hardware info, OS config
  - "Data streams (stdin/stdout)" — Pipe-friendly text/binary processing

第 2 轮：子命令（如果有多个命令）

Question: "Describe the subcommands you need (e.g., 'init', 'build', 'deploy')"
Header: "Commands"
Options:
  - "2-3 subcommands (I'll describe them)" — Small focused tool
  - "4-8 subcommands with groups" — Medium tool, may need command groups
  - "I have a rough list, help me design the API" — Collaborative command design

第 3 轮：配置和输出

Question: "How should the tool be configured?"
Header: "Config"
Options:
  - "CLI flags only (Recommended)" — All config via command-line arguments
  - "Config file (TOML)" — Load defaults from ~/.config/toolname/config.toml
  - "Config file + CLI overrides" — Config file for defaults, flags override specific values
  - "Environment variables + flags" — Env vars for secrets, flags for everything else

Question: "What output format does the tool need?"
Header: "Output"
Options:
  - "Human-readable (colored text)" — Pretty terminal output with colors and formatting
  - "Machine-readable (JSON)" — Structured output for piping to other tools
  - "Both (--format flag)" — Default human, --json or --format=json for machines
  - "Minimal (exit codes only)" — Success/failure via exit code, errors to stderr

第 4 轮：异步和错误处理

Question: "Does the tool need async operations?"
Header: "Async"
Options:
  - "No — synchronous is fine (Recommended)" — File I/O, computation, simple operations
  - "Yes — tokio (network I/O)" — HTTP requests, concurrent connections, async file I/O
  - "Yes — tokio multi-threaded" — Heavy parallelism, multiple concurrent tasks

Question: "How should errors be presented to users?"
Header: "Errors"
Options:
  - "Simple messages (anyhow) (Recommended)" — Human-readable error chains, good for most CLIs
  - "Typed errors (thiserror)" — Custom error enum with specific variants for each failure
  - "Both (thiserror for lib, anyhow for bin)" — Library code is typed, CLI wraps with anyhow

阶段 3：规划（ExitPlanMode）

编写具体的实现计划，涵盖：

1. 项目结构 — Cargo.toml 依赖、src/ 文件布局
2. CLI 定义 — 所有命令、参数和标志的 clap derive 结构体
3. 配置加载 — 配置文件格式及与 CLI 参数的合并策略
4. 核心逻辑 — 各子命令的主函数，与 CLI 层分离
5. 错误类型 — 错误枚举或 anyhow 用法，以及面向用户的错误消息
6. 输出格式 — 彩色输出、JSON 模式、进度指示器
7. 测试 — 核心逻辑的单元测试、CLI 行为的集成测试

通过 ExitPlanMode 提交计划，供用户批准。

阶段 4：执行

获得批准后，按以下顺序实现：

步骤 1：项目设置（Cargo.toml）

[package]
name = "toolname"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
description = "Short description of the tool"

[dependencies]
clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive", "env"] }
serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
anyhow = "1"
# Add based on interview:
# thiserror = "2"              # if typed errors
# tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }  # if async
# serde_json = "1"             # if JSON output
# toml = "0.8"                 # if TOML config
# colored = "2"                # if colored output
# indicatif = "0.17"           # if progress bars
# dirs = "5"                   # if config file (~/.config/)

步骤 2：使用 clap derive 定义 CLI

use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};

/// Short one-line description of the tool
#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
#[command(name = "toolname", version, about, long_about = None)]
pub struct Cli {
    /// Increase verbosity (-v, -vv, -vvv)
    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count, global = true)]
    pub verbose: u8,

    /// Output format
    #[arg(long, default_value = "text", global = true)]
    pub format: OutputFormat,

    /// Path to config file
    #[arg(long, global = true)]
    pub config: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,

    #[command(subcommand)]
    pub command: Commands,
}

#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
pub enum Commands {
    /// Initialize a new project
    Init {
        /// Project name
        name: String,

        /// Template to use
        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "default")]
        template: String,
    },

    /// Build the project
    Build {
        /// Build in release mode
        #[arg(short, long)]
        release: bool,

        /// Target directory
        #[arg(short, long)]
        output: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
    },

    /// Show project status
    Status,
}

#[derive(clap::ValueEnum, Clone, Debug)]
pub enum OutputFormat {
    Text,
    Json,
}

步骤 3：错误处理

// With anyhow (simple approach):
use anyhow::{Context, Result};

fn load_config(path: &Path) -> Result<Config> {
    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(path)
        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read config file: {}", path.display()))?;
    let config: Config = toml::from_str(&content)
        .context("Invalid TOML in config file")?;
    Ok(config)
}

// With thiserror (typed approach):
use thiserror::Error;

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum AppError {
    #[error("Config file not found: {path}")]
    ConfigNotFound { path: std::path::PathBuf },

    #[error("Invalid config: {0}")]
    InvalidConfig(#[from] toml::de::Error),

    #[error("Network error: {0}")]
    Network(#[from] reqwest::Error),

    #[error("{0}")]
    Custom(String),
}

步骤 4：配置文件加载

use serde::Deserialize;
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
pub struct Config {
    pub default_template: Option<String>,
    pub output_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
    // ... fields from interview
}

impl Config {
    pub fn load(explicit_path: Option<&Path>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        let path = match explicit_path {
            Some(p) => p.to_path_buf(),
            None => Self::default_path(),
        };

        if !path.exists() {
            return Ok(Config::default());
        }

        let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)?;
        let config: Config = toml::from_str(&content)?;
        Ok(config)
    }

    fn default_path() -> PathBuf {
        dirs::config_dir()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("."))
            .join("toolname")
            .join("config.toml")
    }
}

步骤 5：彩色输出和格式化

use colored::Colorize;

pub struct Output {
    format: OutputFormat,
    verbose: u8,
}

impl Output {
    pub fn new(format: OutputFormat, verbose: u8) -> Self {
        Self { format, verbose }
    }

    pub fn success(&self, msg: &str) {
        match self.format {
            OutputFormat::Text => eprintln!("{} {}", "✓".green().bold(), msg),
            OutputFormat::Json => {} // JSON output goes to stdout only
        }
    }

    pub fn error(&self, msg: &str) {
        match self.format {
            OutputFormat::Text => eprintln!("{} {}", "✗".red().bold(), msg),
            OutputFormat::Json => {
                let err = serde_json::json!({"error": msg});
                println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&err).unwrap());
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn info(&self, msg: &str) {
        if self.verbose >= 1 {
            match self.format {
                OutputFormat::Text => eprintln!("{} {}", "ℹ".blue(), msg),
                OutputFormat::Json => {}
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn data<T: serde::Serialize>(&self, data: &T) {
        match self.format {
            OutputFormat::Text => {
                // Pretty print for humans — customize per subcommand
                println!("{:#?}", data);
            }
            OutputFormat::Json => {
                println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(data).unwrap());
            }
        }
    }
}

步骤 6：主入口

use clap::Parser;

fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let cli = Cli::parse();
    let config = Config::load(cli.config.as_deref())?;
    let output = Output::new(cli.format.clone(), cli.verbose);

    match cli.command {
        Commands::Init { name, template } => {
            cmd_init(&name, &template, &config, &output)?;
        }
        Commands::Build { release, output_dir } => {
            let dir = output_dir
                .or(config.output_dir.clone())
                .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("./dist"));
            cmd_build(release, &dir, &output)?;
        }
        Commands::Status => {
            cmd_status(&config, &output)?;
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

// If async (tokio):
// #[tokio::main]
// async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> { ... }

步骤 7：子命令实现

fn cmd_init(name: &str, template: &str, config: &Config, out: &Output) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let template = if template == "default" {
        config.default_template.as_deref().unwrap_or("default")
    } else {
        template
    };

    out.info(&format!("Using template: {}", template));

    let project_dir = Path::new(name);
    if project_dir.exists() {
        anyhow::bail!("Directory '{}' already exists", name);
    }

    std::fs::create_dir_all(project_dir)?;
    // ... scaffold project files based on template

    out.success(&format!("Created project '{}' with template '{}'", name, template));
    Ok(())
}

步骤 8：测试

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_config_default() {
        let config = Config::default();
        assert!(config.default_template.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_config_parse_toml() {
        let toml_str = r#"
            default_template = "react"
            output_dir = "./build"
        "#;
        let config: Config = toml::from_str(toml_str).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(config.default_template.unwrap(), "react");
    }
}

// Integration tests (tests/cli.rs):
use assert_cmd::Command;
use predicates::prelude::*;

#[test]
fn test_help_flag() {
    Command::cargo_bin("toolname")
        .unwrap()
        .arg("--help")
        .assert()
        .success()
        .stdout(predicate::str::contains("Usage:"));
}

#[test]
fn test_version_flag() {
    Command::cargo_bin("toolname")
        .unwrap()
        .arg("--version")
        .assert()
        .success();
}

#[test]
fn test_init_creates_directory() {
    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    let project_name = dir.path().join("test-project");

    Command::cargo_bin("toolname")
        .unwrap()
        .args(["init", project_name.to_str().unwrap()])
        .assert()
        .success();

    assert!(project_name.exists());
}

#[test]
fn test_init_existing_directory_fails() {
    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();

    Command::cargo_bin("toolname")
        .unwrap()
        .args(["init", dir.path().to_str().unwrap()])
        .assert()
        .failure()
        .stderr(predicate::str::contains("already exists"));
}

#[test]
fn test_json_output_format() {
    Command::cargo_bin("toolname")
        .unwrap()
        .args(["--format", "json", "status"])
        .assert()
        .success()
        .stdout(predicate::str::starts_with("{"));
}

项目结构参考

toolname/
├── Cargo.toml
├── src/
│   ├── main.rs          # Entry point, CLI parsing, command dispatch
│   ├── cli.rs           # Clap derive structs (Cli, Commands, Args)
│   ├── config.rs        # Config file loading and merging
│   ├── output.rs        # Output formatting (text/JSON/colored)
│   ├── error.rs         # Error types (if using thiserror)
│   └── commands/
│       ├── mod.rs
│       ├── init.rs      # Init subcommand logic
│       ├── build.rs     # Build subcommand logic
│       └── status.rs    # Status subcommand logic
└── tests/
    └── cli.rs           # Integration tests with assert_cmd

最佳实践

将 CLI 与逻辑分离

将 clap 结构体和参数解析放在 cli.rs 中。将业务逻辑放在 commands/ 中。这样无需调用 CLI 即可测试核心逻辑。

状态信息使用 stderr，数据使用 stdout

面向用户的消息（进度、成功、错误）写入 stderr。机器可读的数据写入 stdout。这样用户可以顺畅地通过管道传递输出：toolname status --format json | jq '.items'。

遵循 NO_COLOR

检查 NO_COLOR 环境变量，若已设置则禁用颜色：

if std::env::var("NO_COLOR").is_ok() {
    colored::control::set_override(false);
}

退出代码

使用有意义的退出代码：成功时为 0，一般错误时为 1，用法错误时为 2（clap 会自动处理）。

测试用开发依赖

[dev-dependencies]
assert_cmd = "2"
predicates = "3"
tempfile = "3"

完成前检查清单

• clap derive 结构体包含文档注释（这些注释会成为 --help 文本）
• 所有子命令都有简短和详细描述
• 配置文件有合理的默认值，缺失时不会报错
• --format json 会向 stdout 输出有效且可解析的 JSON
• 错误会提供上下文（文件路径、问题原因和修复方法）
• 集成测试会端到端验证 CLI 行为
• cargo clippy 通过且无警告
• 已运行 cargo fmt