rust-cross

Rust 交叉编译

用途

指导 Agent 进行 Rust 交叉编译：添加 rustup 目标、使用 cross 进行基于 Docker 的隔离交叉构建、使用 cargo-zigbuild 实现零配置交叉编译、配置 .cargo/config.toml，以及构建嵌入式裸机目标。

触发条件

• “如何为 ARM/aarch64 交叉编译 Rust？”
• “如何为其他操作系统构建 Rust 二进制文件？”
• “如何使用 cross 工具进行 Rust 交叉编译？”
• “如何为嵌入式（no_std）目标构建 Rust？”
• “如何使用 cargo-zigbuild？”
• “我的 Rust 交叉编译二进制文件无法在目标设备上运行”

工作流

1. 添加 rustup 目标

# List installed targets
rustup target list --installed

# List all available targets
rustup target list

# Add a target
rustup target add aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl   # static Linux
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown       # WASM
rustup target add thumbv7m-none-eabi          # Cortex-M

# Build for target
cargo build --target aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu --release

2. 常见目标三元组

目标	用途
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu	Linux x86-64（glibc）
x86_64-unknown-linux-musl	Linux x86-64（musl，静态）
aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu	ARM64 Linux（Raspberry Pi 4、AWS Graviton）
aarch64-unknown-linux-musl	ARM64 Linux 静态构建
x86_64-pc-windows-gnu	Windows x86-64（MinGW）
x86_64-pc-windows-msvc	Windows x86-64（MSVC）
x86_64-apple-darwin	macOS x86-64
aarch64-apple-darwin	macOS Apple Silicon
wasm32-unknown-unknown	WASM（浏览器）
wasm32-wasi	使用 WASI 的 WASM
thumbv7m-none-eabi	Cortex-M3 裸机
thumbv7em-none-eabihf	带 FPU 的 Cortex-M4/M7
riscv32imac-unknown-none-elf	RISC-V 32 位裸机

3. cross 工具（基于 Docker，最简单）

cross 使用预构建的 Docker 镜像，其中包含正确的交叉工具链：

# Install
cargo install cross

# Build (drop-in replacement for cargo)
cross build --target aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu --release
cross test --target aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu

# Cross.toml — project configuration

# Cross.toml
[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu]
image = "ghcr.io/cross-rs/aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu:main"
pre-build = [
    "apt-get update && apt-get install -y libssl-dev:arm64"
]

[build.env]
passthrough = ["PKG_CONFIG_PATH", "OPENSSL_DIR"]

4. cargo-zigbuild（零配置，使用 zig cc）

zig cc 附带完整的 C 交叉工具链，无需系统交叉编译器：

# Install
cargo install cargo-zigbuild
# Also needs zig installed: https://ziglang.org/download/

# Build (no Docker, no system cross-compiler)
cargo zigbuild --target aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu --release
cargo zigbuild --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --release

# Target with glibc version (important for compatibility)
cargo zigbuild --target aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu.2.17 --release
# This builds against glibc 2.17 (very compatible)

# Windows from Linux/macOS
cargo zigbuild --target x86_64-pc-windows-gnu --release

与 cross 相比，cargo-zigbuild 的优势：

• 无需 Docker
• 速度更快（无需启动容器）
• 开箱即用，支持大多数目标
• 支持精确指定 glibc 版本

5. 用于交叉目标的 .cargo/config.toml

# .cargo/config.toml

[target.aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu]
linker = "aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc"    # System cross-linker
# or with zig:
# linker = "zig"
# rustflags = ["-C", "link-arg=cc", "-C", "link-arg=-target", "-C", "link-arg=aarch64-linux-gnu"]

[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-musl]
linker = "x86_64-linux-musl-gcc"
rustflags = ["-C", "target-feature=+crt-static"]

[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
runner = "wasmtime"    # Run WASM tests with wasmtime

[target.thumbv7m-none-eabi]
runner = "qemu-arm -cpu cortex-m3"

6. 使用 musl 构建静态二进制文件

# Add musl target
rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl

# Build statically linked binary
cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --release

# Verify it's static
file target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/myapp
# → ELF 64-bit, statically linked, not stripped

# Or with cargo-zigbuild (easier musl)
cargo zigbuild --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --release

7. 嵌入式裸机（#[no_std]）

# .cargo/config.toml
[build]
target = "thumbv7em-none-eabihf"   # Set default target

[target.'cfg(target_arch = "arm")']
runner = "probe-run --chip STM32F411CE"

// src/main.rs
#![no_std]
#![no_main]

use core::panic::PanicInfo;

#[cortex_m_rt::entry]
fn main() -> ! {
    loop {}
}

#[panic_handler]
fn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
    loop {}
}

# Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
cortex-m = "0.7"
cortex-m-rt = "0.7"

[profile.release]
opt-level = "z"
lto = true
codegen-units = 1
panic = "abort"

cargo build --release  # Uses default target from .cargo/config.toml

有关目标三元组参考和嵌入式配置的详情，请参阅 [references/]。

相关技能

• 使用 skills/rust/rustc-basics 配置编译器和构建配置
• 使用 skills/compilers/cross-gcc 配置底层交叉编译器
• 使用 skills/zig/zig-cross 了解 Zig 的原生交叉编译方案
• 当 Rust 属于 CMake 交叉构建的一部分时，使用 skills/build-systems/cmake