sap-abap

SAP ABAP 开发技能

相关技能

• sap-abap-cds：用于为基于 ABAP 的 Fiori 应用开发 CDS 视图，或使用注解定义数据模型
• sap-btp-cloud-platform：用于在 BTP 上使用 ABAP Environment，或将 ABAP 应用部署到云端
• sap-cap-capire：用于将 ABAP 系统连接到 CAP 应用，或与 OData 服务集成
• sap-fiori-tools：用于开发带 ABAP 后端的 Fiori 应用，或使用来自 ABAP 系统的 OData 服务
• sap-api-style：用于编写 ABAP API 文档，或遵循 SAP API 文档标准

适用场景

编写或审查 ABAP 代码、将经典 ABAP 现代化为兼容 ABAP Cloud 的模式、使用 RAP 或 EML、实现 ABAP SQL、设计单元测试，或排查不同受支持 ABAP 版本中的语言／运行时行为时，请使用此技能。

版本兼容性

此技能涵盖从 7.40 SP08 到 ABAP Cloud 的 ABAP 语法。要求更高版本的功能会在代码示例中使用行内注释 " [7.xx+] 标注，或在参考文件中注明。下表汇总了主要版本界限。

功能	7.40 SP02	7.40 SP05	7.40 SP08	7.50	7.51	7.52	7.54
行内声明 DATA(...)	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
构造运算符（VALUE、NEW、CONV、COND、SWITCH、REF、EXACT、CAST）	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
内表表达式 itab[...]	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
字符串模板	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
WITH EMPTY KEY	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
line_exists()、line_index()	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL：@ 主机变量		x	x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL：逗号分隔列表		x	x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL：SELECT 中的 SQL 表达式		x	x	x	x	x	x
CORRESPONDING 运算符		x	x	x	x	x	x
内表推导（FOR）		x	x	x	x	x	x
LET 表达式		x	x	x	x	x	x
REDUCE 运算符			x	x	x	x	x
FILTER 运算符			x	x	x	x	x
BASE 添加项			x	x	x	x	x
LOOP AT ... GROUP BY			x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL：SELECT 中的 dbtab~*			x	x	x	x	x
ABAP SQL：RIGHT OUTER JOIN		x	x	x	x	x	x
带参数的 CDS 视图			x	x	x	x	x
FINAL(...) 行内声明				x	x	x	x
主机表达式 @( expr )				x	x	x	x
SELECT 中的 UNION				x	x	x	x
IS INSTANCE OF／CASE TYPE OF				x	x	x	x
int8 类型				x	x	x	x
CDS 表函数				x	x	x	x
CDS 访问控制（隐式）				x	x	x	x
$session.user/client/system_language				x	x	x	x
测试缝（TEST-SEAM）				x	x	x	x
公用表表达式（WITH）					x	x	x
SELECT 中的 OFFSET					x	x	x
CDS 中的 UPPER／LOWER					x	x	x
枚举类型					x	x	x
作为数据源的内表 FROM @itab						x	x
WITH PRIVILEGED ACCESS						x	x
utclong 类型及函数							x

在 7.40 系统上：将所有 FINAL(...) 替换为 DATA(...)，并避免使用上文加粗标记的 7.50+ 功能。大多数现代 ABAP 语法（VALUE、NEW、CONV、行内声明、内表表达式、REDUCE、FILTER、GROUP BY）自 7.40 SP08 起即可使用。

目录

• 版本兼容性
• 快速参考
• 捆绑资源
• 常见模式
• 错误目录
• 性能提示
• 源文档

快速参考

数据类型和声明

" Elementary types
DATA num TYPE i VALUE 123.
DATA txt TYPE string VALUE `Hello`.
DATA flag TYPE abap_bool VALUE abap_true.

" Inline declarations
DATA(result) = some_method( ).
FINAL(immutable) = `constant value`.              " [7.50+] Use DATA(...) on 7.40

" Structures
DATA: BEGIN OF struc,
        id   TYPE i,
        name TYPE string,
      END OF struc.

" Internal tables
DATA itab TYPE TABLE OF string WITH EMPTY KEY.
DATA sorted_tab TYPE SORTED TABLE OF struct WITH UNIQUE KEY id.
DATA hashed_tab TYPE HASHED TABLE OF struct WITH UNIQUE KEY id.

内部表 - 基本操作

" Create with VALUE
itab = VALUE #( ( col1 = 1 col2 = `a` )
                ( col1 = 2 col2 = `b` ) ).

" Read operations
DATA(line) = itab[ 1 ].                    " By index
DATA(line2) = itab[ col1 = 1 ].            " By key
READ TABLE itab INTO wa INDEX 1.
READ TABLE itab ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<fs>) WITH KEY col1 = 1.

" Modify operations
MODIFY TABLE itab FROM VALUE #( col1 = 1 col2 = `updated` ).
itab[ 1 ]-col2 = `changed`.

" Loop processing
LOOP AT itab ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<line>).
  <line>-col2 = to_upper( <line>-col2 ).
ENDLOOP.

" Delete
DELETE itab WHERE col1 > 5.
DELETE TABLE itab FROM VALUE #( col1 = 1 ).

ABAP SQL 基础

" SELECT into table
SELECT * FROM dbtab INTO TABLE @DATA(result_tab).   " @ syntax: 7.40 SP05+

" SELECT with conditions
SELECT carrid, connid, fldate                          " comma syntax: 7.40 SP05+
  FROM zdemo_abap_fli
  WHERE carrid = 'LH'
  INTO TABLE @DATA(flights).

" Aggregate functions
SELECT carrid, COUNT(*) AS cnt, AVG( price ) AS avg_price
  FROM zdemo_abap_fli
  GROUP BY carrid
  INTO TABLE @DATA(stats).

" JOIN operations
SELECT a~carrid, a~connid, b~carrname
  FROM zdemo_abap_fli AS a
  INNER JOIN zdemo_abap_carr AS b ON a~carrid = b~carrid
  INTO TABLE @DATA(joined).

" Modification statements
INSERT dbtab FROM @struc.
UPDATE dbtab FROM @struc.
MODIFY dbtab FROM TABLE @itab.
DELETE FROM dbtab WHERE condition.

构造表达式

" VALUE - structures and tables
DATA(struc) = VALUE struct_type( comp1 = 1 comp2 = `text` ).
DATA(itab) = VALUE itab_type( ( a = 1 ) ( a = 2 ) ( a = 3 ) ).

" NEW - create instances
DATA(dref) = NEW i( 123 ).
DATA(oref) = NEW zcl_my_class( param = value ).

" CORRESPONDING - structure/table mapping
target = CORRESPONDING #( source ).
target = CORRESPONDING #( source MAPPING target_field = source_field ).

" COND/SWITCH - conditional values
DATA(text) = COND string( WHEN flag = abap_true THEN `Yes` ELSE `No` ).
DATA(result) = SWITCH #( code WHEN 1 THEN `A` WHEN 2 THEN `B` ELSE `X` ).

" CONV - type conversion
DATA(dec) = CONV decfloat34( 1 / 3 ).

" FILTER - table filtering
DATA(filtered) = FILTER #( itab WHERE status = 'A' ).

" REDUCE - aggregation
DATA(sum) = REDUCE i( INIT s = 0 FOR wa IN itab NEXT s = s + wa-amount ).

面向对象 ABAP

" Class definition
CLASS zcl_example DEFINITION PUBLIC FINAL CREATE PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    METHODS constructor IMPORTING iv_name TYPE string.
    METHODS get_name RETURNING VALUE(rv_name) TYPE string.
    CLASS-METHODS factory RETURNING VALUE(ro_instance) TYPE REF TO zcl_example.
  PRIVATE SECTION.
    DATA mv_name TYPE string.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_example IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    mv_name = iv_name.
  ENDMETHOD.
  METHOD get_name.
    rv_name = mv_name.
  ENDMETHOD.
  METHOD factory.
    ro_instance = NEW #( `Default` ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

" Interface implementation
CLASS zcl_impl DEFINITION PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES zif_my_interface.
ENDCLASS.

异常处理

TRY.
    DATA(result) = risky_operation( ).
  CATCH cx_sy_zerodivide INTO DATA(exc).
    DATA(msg) = exc->get_text( ).
  CATCH cx_root INTO DATA(any_exc).
    " Handle any exception
  CLEANUP.
    " Cleanup code
ENDTRY.

" Raising exceptions
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_my_exception
  EXPORTING textid = zcx_my_exception=>error_occurred.

" With COND/SWITCH
DATA(val) = COND #( WHEN valid THEN result
                    ELSE THROW zcx_my_exception( ) ).

字符串处理

" Concatenation
DATA(full) = first && ` ` && last.
txt &&= ` appended`.

" String templates
DATA(msg) = |Name: { name }, Date: { date DATE = ISO }|.

" Functions
DATA(upper) = to_upper( text ).
DATA(len) = strlen( text ).
DATA(found) = find( val = text sub = `search` ).
DATA(replaced) = replace( val = text sub = `old` with = `new` occ = 0 ).
DATA(parts) = segment( val = text index = 2 sep = `,` ).

" FIND/REPLACE statements
FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF pattern IN text RESULTS DATA(matches).
REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES OF old IN text WITH new.

动态编程

" Field symbols
FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs> TYPE any.
ASSIGN struct-component TO <fs>.
ASSIGN struct-(comp_name) TO <fs>.  " Dynamic component

" Data references
DATA dref TYPE REF TO data.
dref = REF #( variable ).
CREATE DATA dref TYPE (type_name).
dref->* = value.

" RTTI - Get type information
DATA(tdo) = cl_abap_typedescr=>describe_by_data( dobj ).
DATA(components) = CAST cl_abap_structdescr( tdo )->components.

" RTTC - Create types dynamically
DATA(elem_type) = cl_abap_elemdescr=>get_string( ).
CREATE DATA dref TYPE HANDLE elem_type.

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捆绑资源

此技能包含 28 个全面的参考文件，涵盖 ABAP 开发的各个方面：

相关技能

• sap-abap-cds：用于 CDS 视图开发和 ABAP Cloud 数据建模
• sap-btp-cloud-platform：用于 ABAP Environment 设置和 BTP 部署
• sap-cap-capire：用于 CAP 服务集成和 ABAP 系统连接
• sap-fiori-tools：用于使用 ABAP 后端开发 Fiori 应用
• sap-api-style：用于 API 文档标准和最佳实践

快速访问

• 参考指南：references/skill-reference-guide.md - 所有参考文件的完整指南
• 内部表：references/internal-tables.md - 完整的表操作
• ABAP SQL：references/abap-sql.md - 全面的 SQL 参考
• 面向对象：references/object-orientation.md - 类和接口

开发主题

• references/constructor-expressions.md - VALUE、NEW、COND、REDUCE
• references/rap-eml.md - RAP 和 EML 操作
• references/cds-views.md - CDS 视图开发
• references/string-processing.md - 字符串函数和正则表达式
• references/unit-testing.md - ABAP Unit 框架
• references/performance.md - 优化技巧
• ... 以及另外 18 个专项参考文件

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常见模式

安全的表访问（避免异常）

" Using VALUE with OPTIONAL
DATA(line) = VALUE #( itab[ key = value ] OPTIONAL ).

" Using VALUE with DEFAULT
DATA(line) = VALUE #( itab[ 1 ] DEFAULT VALUE #( ) ).

" Check before access
IF line_exists( itab[ key = value ] ).
  DATA(line) = itab[ key = value ].
ENDIF.

函数式方法链

DATA(result) = NEW zcl_builder( )
  ->set_name( `Test` )
  ->set_value( 123 )
  ->build( ).

FOR 迭代表达式

" Transform table
DATA(transformed) = VALUE itab_type(
  FOR wa IN source_itab
  ( id = wa-id name = to_upper( wa-name ) ) ).

" With WHERE
DATA(filtered) = VALUE itab_type(
  FOR wa IN source WHERE ( status = 'A' )
  ( wa ) ).

" With INDEX INTO
DATA(numbered) = VALUE itab_type(
  FOR wa IN source INDEX INTO idx
  ( line_no = idx data = wa ) ).

ABAP Cloud 兼容性

" Use released APIs only
DATA(uuid) = cl_system_uuid=>create_uuid_x16_static( ).
DATA(date) = xco_cp=>sy->date( )->as( xco_cp_time=>format->iso_8601_extended )->value.
DATA(time) = xco_cp=>sy->time( )->as( xco_cp_time=>format->iso_8601_extended )->value.

" Output in cloud (if_oo_adt_classrun)
out->write( result ).

" Avoid: sy-datum, sy-uzeit, DESCRIBE TABLE, WRITE, MOVE...TO

ABAP 7.40 兼容性

面向 ABAP 7.40 系统时，请使用以下模式替换 7.50+ 语法：

" Instead of FINAL (7.50+):
FINAL(value) = `constant`.              " 7.50+
DATA(value) = `constant`.               " 7.40 compatible

" Instead of host expressions (7.50+):
SELECT * FROM dbtab WHERE col = @( lv_val ).   " 7.50+
SELECT * FROM dbtab WHERE col = @lv_val.        " 7.40 compatible

" Instead of UNION (7.50+):
SELECT a FROM tab1 UNION SELECT a FROM tab2.    " 7.50+
" Use two separate SELECTs on 7.40 and combine in ABAP:
SELECT a FROM tab1 INTO TABLE @DATA(r1).
SELECT a FROM tab2 INTO TABLE @DATA(r2).
DATA(combined) = VALUE itab_type( FOR l1 IN r1 ( l1 )
                                  FOR l2 IN r2 ( l2 ) ).

" Instead of IS INSTANCE OF (7.50+):
IF oref IS INSTANCE OF zcl_my_class.    " 7.50+
" 7.40 alternative — use typed CAST with exception handling:
TRY.
    DATA(lo) = CAST zcl_my_class( oref ).  " 7.40+
  CATCH cx_sy_move_cast_error.
    " oref is not compatible with zcl_my_class
ENDTRY.

" Instead of CTEs WITH (7.51+):
WITH +cte AS ( SELECT ... ) SELECT ...  " 7.51+
" Use subqueries or temporary tables on 7.40

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错误目录

CX_SY_ITAB_LINE_NOT_FOUND

原因：表表达式访问了不存在的行 解决方案：使用 OPTIONAL、DEFAULT，或通过 line_exists( ) 检查

CX_SY_ZERODIVIDE

原因：除数为零 解决方案：运算前检查除数

CX_SY_RANGE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS

原因：子字符串访问无效或数组越界 解决方案：访问前验证偏移量和长度

CX_SY_CONVERSION_NO_NUMBER

原因：字符串无法转换为数字 解决方案：转换前验证输入格式

CX_SY_REF_IS_INITIAL

原因：取消引用未绑定的引用 解决方案：取消引用前检查 IS BOUND

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性能提示

1. 频繁按键访问时使用 SORTED/HASHED 表
2. 在循环中修改数据时，优先使用字段符号而非工作区
3. 对于大型 SELECT 结果，使用 PACKAGE SIZE
4. 避免在循环中使用 SELECT - 使用 FOR ALL ENTRIES 或 JOIN
5. 针对不同访问模式使用辅助键
6. 尽量减少 CORRESPONDING 调用 - 显式赋值速度更快

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来源文档

所有内容均基于 SAP 官方 ABAP Cheat Sheets：

• 仓库：https://github.com/SAP-samples/abap-cheat-sheets
• SAP Help（最新）：https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_latest_index_htm/latest/en-US/index.htm
• SAP Help（7.40）：https://help.sap.com/doc/abapdocu_740_index_htm/7.40/en-US/index.htm
• ABAP 发行说明：https://github.com/SAP-samples/abap-cheat-sheets/blob/main/33_ABAP_Release_News.md