springboot-patterns

Spring Boot 模式

分层架构

src/main/java/com/example/app/
  config/          # @Configuration beans
  controller/      # @RestController (thin, delegates to service)
  service/         # @Service (business logic)
  repository/      # @Repository (data access via JPA)
  model/
    entity/        # @Entity JPA classes
    dto/           # Request/response DTOs
    mapper/        # MapStruct or manual mapping
  exception/       # @ControllerAdvice, custom exceptions
  security/        # SecurityFilterChain, JWT filters

控制器处理 HTTP 相关事务。服务层包含业务逻辑。仓库层负责持久化。

REST 控制器

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/v1/orders")
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class OrderController {

    private final OrderService orderService;

    @GetMapping
    public Page<OrderResponse> list(
            @RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
            @RequestParam(defaultValue = "20") int size) {
        return orderService.findAll(PageRequest.of(page, size));
    }

    @PostMapping
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
    public OrderResponse create(@Valid @RequestBody CreateOrderRequest request) {
        return orderService.create(request);
    }

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public OrderResponse getById(@PathVariable UUID id) {
        return orderService.findById(id);
    }
}

JPA 实体和仓库

@Entity
@Table(name = "orders")
@Getter @Setter @NoArgsConstructor
public class Order {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.UUID)
    private UUID id;

    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    @JoinColumn(name = "customer_id", nullable = false)
    private Customer customer;

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "order", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, orphanRemoval = true)
    private List<OrderItem> items = new ArrayList<>();

    @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
    private OrderStatus status = OrderStatus.PENDING;

    @CreationTimestamp
    private Instant createdAt;
}

public interface OrderRepository extends JpaRepository<Order, UUID> {
    @Query("SELECT o FROM Order o JOIN FETCH o.items WHERE o.customer.id = :customerId")
    List<Order> findByCustomerWithItems(@Param("customerId") UUID customerId);

    @EntityGraph(attributePaths = {"customer", "items"})
    Optional<Order> findWithDetailsById(UUID id);
}

服务层

@Service
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class OrderService {

    private final OrderRepository orderRepository;
    private final OrderMapper orderMapper;
    private final EventPublisher eventPublisher;

    public OrderResponse findById(UUID id) {
        Order order = orderRepository.findWithDetailsById(id)
                .orElseThrow(() -> new ResourceNotFoundException("Order", id));
        return orderMapper.toResponse(order);
    }

    @Transactional
    public OrderResponse create(CreateOrderRequest request) {
        Order order = orderMapper.toEntity(request);
        order = orderRepository.save(order);
        eventPublisher.publish(new OrderCreatedEvent(order.getId()));
        return orderMapper.toResponse(order);
    }
}

全局异常处理器

@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
    public ProblemDetail handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        return ProblemDetail.forStatusAndDetail(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, ex.getMessage());
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
    public ProblemDetail handleValidation(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
        ProblemDetail detail = ProblemDetail.forStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
        Map<String, String> errors = ex.getFieldErrors().stream()
                .collect(Collectors.toMap(FieldError::getField, FieldError::getDefaultMessage));
        detail.setProperty("errors", errors);
        return detail;
    }
}

反模式

• 在控制器中直接注入仓库（绕过服务层）
• 默认在实体关系上使用 FetchType.EAGER
• 在控制器中直接返回 JPA 实体，而不是 DTO
• 只读服务方法缺少 @Transactional(readOnly = true)
• 捕获通用的 Exception，而不是特定类型的异常
• 将配置值硬编码，而不是使用 @Value 或 @ConfigurationProperties

检查清单

• 控制器保持精简，并将处理委托给服务层
• 默认情况下，所有 JPA 关系都使用 FetchType.LAZY
• 使用 DTO 处理请求和响应，绝不使用原始实体
• 在服务层应用 @Transactional，并正确区分读写事务
• 在请求 DTO 上使用验证注解（@Valid、@NotNull、@Size）
• 全局异常处理器返回 ProblemDetail（RFC 7807）
• 使用实体图或 JOIN FETCH 避免 N+1 查询
• 集成测试使用 @SpringBootTest 和测试容器