tanstack-query

TanStack Query 模式

目的

使用 TanStack Query v5 进行现代化数据获取（最新版本：5.90.5，2025 年 11 月），重点介绍基于 Suspense 的查询、缓存优先策略和集中式 API 服务。

注意：v5（于 2023 年 10 月发布）相较于 v4 存在不兼容变更：

• 状态中的 isLoading → isPending
• cacheTime → gcTime（垃圾回收时间）
• 要求 React 18.0+
• 从 useQuery 中移除了回调（onError、onSuccess、onSettled）
• keepPreviousData 被 placeholderData 函数取代

何时使用此技能

• 使用 TanStack Query 获取数据
• 使用 useSuspenseQuery 或 useQuery
• 管理变更
• 缓存失效与更新
• API 服务模式

---

快速开始

首选模式：useSuspenseQuery

对于所有新组件，请使用 useSuspenseQuery：

import { useSuspenseQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { postsApi } from '~/features/posts/api/postsApi';

function PostList() {
  const { data: posts } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['posts'],
    queryFn: postsApi.getAll,
  });

  return (
    <div>
      {posts.map(post => (
        <PostCard key={post.id} post={post} />
      ))}
    </div>
  );
}

// Wrap with Suspense
<Suspense fallback={<PostsSkeleton />}>
  <PostList />
</Suspense>

优点：

• 无需检查 isLoading
• 与 Suspense 边界集成
• 组件代码更简洁
• 加载体验一致

---

useSuspenseQuery 模式

基本用法

const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: ['user', userId],
  queryFn: () => userApi.get(userId),
});

// data is never undefined - guaranteed by Suspense
return <div>{data.name}</div>;

带参数

function UserPosts({ userId }: { userId: string }) {
  const { data: posts } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['users', userId, 'posts'],
    queryFn: () => postsApi.getByUser(userId),
  });

  return <div>{posts.length} posts</div>;
}

依赖查询

function PostDetails({ postId }: { postId: string }) {
  // First query
  const { data: post } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['posts', postId],
    queryFn: () => postsApi.get(postId),
  });

  // Second query depends on first
  const { data: author } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['users', post.authorId],
    queryFn: () => userApi.get(post.authorId),
  });

  return <div>{author.name} wrote {post.title}</div>;
}

---

useQuery（旧模式）

仅当需要在组件中处理加载/错误状态时，才使用 useQuery：

import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';

function Component() {
  const { data, isPending, error } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['posts'],
    queryFn: postsApi.getAll,
  });

  if (isPending) return <Spinner />;
  if (error) return <Error error={error} />;

  return <div>{data.map(...)}</div>;
}

何时使用 useQuery，何时使用 useSuspenseQuery：

• 默认使用 useSuspenseQuery（首选）
• 仅当需要组件级加载状态时，才使用 useQuery
• 大多数情况下应使用 useSuspenseQuery + Suspense 边界

---

变更

基本变更

import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

function CreatePostButton() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();

  const mutation = useMutation({
    mutationFn: postsApi.create,
    onSuccess: () => {
      // Invalidate and refetch
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['posts'] });
    },
  });

  const handleCreate = () => {
    mutation.mutate({
      title: 'New Post',
      content: 'Content here',
    });
  };

  return (
    <button onClick={handleCreate} disabled={mutation.isPending}>
      {mutation.isPending ? 'Creating...' : 'Create Post'}
    </button>
  );
}

乐观更新

const mutation = useMutation({
  mutationFn: postsApi.update,
  onMutate: async (updatedPost) => {
    // Cancel outgoing refetches
    await queryClient.cancelQueries({ queryKey: ['posts', updatedPost.id] });

    // Snapshot previous value
    const previousPost = queryClient.getQueryData(['posts', updatedPost.id]);

    // Optimistically update
    queryClient.setQueryData(['posts', updatedPost.id], updatedPost);

    // Return context with snapshot
    return { previousPost };
  },
  onError: (err, updatedPost, context) => {
    // Rollback on error
    queryClient.setQueryData(
      ['posts', updatedPost.id],
      context.previousPost
    );
  },
  onSettled: (data, error, variables) => {
    // Refetch after mutation
    queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['posts', variables.id] });
  },
});

---

缓存管理

失效

import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

const queryClient = useQueryClient();

// Invalidate all posts queries
queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['posts'] });

// Invalidate specific post
queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['posts', postId] });

// Invalidate all queries
queryClient.invalidateQueries();

手动更新

// Update cache directly
queryClient.setQueryData(['posts', postId], newPost);

// Update with function
queryClient.setQueryData(['posts'], (oldPosts) => [
  ...oldPosts,
  newPost,
]);

预取

// Prefetch data
await queryClient.prefetchQuery({
  queryKey: ['posts', postId],
  queryFn: () => postsApi.get(postId),
});

// In a component
const prefetchPost = (postId: string) => {
  queryClient.prefetchQuery({
    queryKey: ['posts', postId],
    queryFn: () => postsApi.get(postId),
  });
};

<Link
  to={`/posts/${post.id}`}
  onMouseEnter={() => prefetchPost(post.id)}
>
  {post.title}
</Link>

---

API 服务模式

集中式 API 服务

// features/posts/api/postsApi.ts
import { apiClient } from '@/lib/apiClient';
import type { Post, CreatePostDto, UpdatePostDto } from '~/types/post';

export const postsApi = {
  getAll: async (): Promise<Post[]> => {
    const response = await apiClient.get('/posts');
    return response.data;
  },

  get: async (id: string): Promise<Post> => {
    const response = await apiClient.get(`/posts/${id}`);
    return response.data;
  },

  create: async (data: CreatePostDto): Promise<Post> => {
    const response = await apiClient.post('/posts', data);
    return response.data;
  },

  update: async (id: string, data: UpdatePostDto): Promise<Post> => {
    const response = await apiClient.put(`/posts/${id}`, data);
    return response.data;
  },

  delete: async (id: string): Promise<void> => {
    await apiClient.delete(`/posts/${id}`);
  },

  getByUser: async (userId: string): Promise<Post[]> => {
    const response = await apiClient.get(`/users/${userId}/posts`);
    return response.data;
  },
};

在组件中使用

import { postsApi } from '~/features/posts/api/postsApi';

// In query
const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: ['posts'],
  queryFn: postsApi.getAll,
});

// In mutation
const mutation = useMutation({
  mutationFn: postsApi.create,
});

---

查询键

键结构

// List queries
['posts']                          // All posts
['posts', { status: 'published' }] // Filtered posts

// Detail queries
['posts', postId]                  // Single post
['posts', postId, 'comments']      // Post comments

// Nested resources
['users', userId, 'posts']         // User's posts
['users', userId, 'posts', postId] // Specific user post

键工厂

// features/posts/api/postKeys.ts
export const postKeys = {
  all: ['posts'] as const,
  lists: () => [...postKeys.all, 'list'] as const,
  list: (filters: string) => [...postKeys.lists(), { filters }] as const,
  details: () => [...postKeys.all, 'detail'] as const,
  detail: (id: string) => [...postKeys.details(), id] as const,
  comments: (id: string) => [...postKeys.detail(id), 'comments'] as const,
};

// Usage
const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: postKeys.detail(postId),
  queryFn: () => postsApi.get(postId),
});

// Invalidate all post lists
queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: postKeys.lists() });

---

错误处理

使用错误边界

import { ErrorBoundary } from 'react-error-boundary';

<ErrorBoundary fallback={<ErrorFallback />}>
  <Suspense fallback={<Loading />}>
    <DataComponent />
  </Suspense>
</ErrorBoundary>

// In component
function DataComponent() {
  const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
    queryKey: ['data'],
    queryFn: fetchData,
    // Errors automatically caught by ErrorBoundary
  });

  return <div>{data}</div>;
}

重试与缓存配置

const { data } = useQuery({
  queryKey: ['posts'],
  queryFn: postsApi.getAll,
  retry: 3,              // Retry 3 times
  retryDelay: 1000,      // Wait 1s between retries
  gcTime: 5 * 60 * 1000, // Garbage collection time: 5 minutes (v5: was 'cacheTime')
});

---

最佳实践

1. 默认使用 Suspense

// ✅ Good: useSuspenseQuery + Suspense
<Suspense fallback={<Skeleton />}>
  <DataComponent />
</Suspense>

function DataComponent() {
  const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({...});
  return <div>{data}</div>;
}

// ❌ Avoid: useQuery with manual loading
function DataComponent() {
  const { data, isPending } = useQuery({...});
  if (isPending) return <Spinner />;
  return <div>{data}</div>;
}

2. 保持查询键一致

// ✅ Good: Use key factories
const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: postKeys.detail(id),
  queryFn: () => postsApi.get(id),
});

// ❌ Avoid: Inconsistent keys
const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: ['post', id], // Different format
  queryFn: () => postsApi.get(id),
});

3. 使用集中式 API 服务

// ✅ Good: API service
const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: ['posts'],
  queryFn: postsApi.getAll,
});

// ❌ Avoid: Inline fetching
const { data } = useSuspenseQuery({
  queryKey: ['posts'],
  queryFn: async () => {
    const res = await fetch('/api/posts');
    return res.json();
  },
});

---

其他资源

更多模式请参阅：

• data-fetching.md - 高级模式
• cache-strategies.md - 缓存管理
• mutation-patterns.md - 复杂变更