uv-package-manager

UV 包管理器

全面介绍如何使用 uv。uv 是一个用 Rust 编写、速度极快的 Python 包安装器和解析器，适用于现代 Python 项目管理和依赖工作流。

何时使用此技能

• 快速搭建新的 Python 项目
• 比 pip 更快地管理 Python 依赖项
• 创建和管理虚拟环境
• 安装 Python 解释器
• 高效解决依赖冲突
• 从 pip/pip-tools/poetry 迁移
• 加速 CI/CD 流水线
• 管理单体仓库中的 Python 项目
• 使用锁文件实现可复现构建
• 优化包含 Python 依赖项的 Docker 构建

核心概念

1. 什么是 uv？

• 超高速包安装器：速度比 pip 快 10-100 倍
• 用 Rust 编写：充分发挥 Rust 的性能
• 可直接替代 pip：兼容 pip 工作流
• 虚拟环境管理器：创建和管理 venv
• Python 安装器：下载和管理 Python 版本
• 解析器：高级依赖解析
• 支持锁文件：实现可复现安装

2. 主要功能

• 极快的安装速度
• 利用全局缓存节省磁盘空间
• 兼容 pip、pip-tools、poetry
• 全面的依赖解析
• 跨平台支持（Linux、macOS、Windows）
• 安装时无需 Python
• 内置虚拟环境支持

3. UV 与传统工具的对比

• 与 pip 相比：速度快 10-100 倍，解析器更出色
• 与 pip-tools 相比：更快、更简单，用户体验更好
• 与 poetry 相比：更快、限制更少、更轻量
• 与 conda 相比：更快，专注于 Python

安装

快速安装

# macOS/Linux
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh

# Windows (PowerShell)
powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 | iex"

# Using pip (if you already have Python)
pip install uv

# Using Homebrew (macOS)
brew install uv

# Using cargo (if you have Rust)
cargo install --git https://github.com/astral-sh/uv uv

验证安装

uv --version
# uv 0.x.x

快速入门

创建新项目

# Create new project with virtual environment
uv init my-project
cd my-project

# Or create in current directory
uv init .

# Initialize creates:
# - .python-version (Python version)
# - pyproject.toml (project config)
# - README.md
# - .gitignore

安装依赖项

# Install packages (creates venv if needed)
uv add requests pandas

# Install dev dependencies
uv add --dev pytest black ruff

# Install from requirements.txt
uv pip install -r requirements.txt

# Install from pyproject.toml
uv sync

虚拟环境管理

模式 1：创建虚拟环境

# Create virtual environment with uv
uv venv

# Create with specific Python version
uv venv --python 3.12

# Create with custom name
uv venv my-env

# Create with system site packages
uv venv --system-site-packages

# Specify location
uv venv /path/to/venv

模式 2：激活虚拟环境

# Linux/macOS
source .venv/bin/activate

# Windows (Command Prompt)
.venv\Scripts\activate.bat

# Windows (PowerShell)
.venv\Scripts\Activate.ps1

# Or use uv run (no activation needed)
uv run python script.py
uv run pytest

模式 3：使用 uv run

# Run Python script (auto-activates venv)
uv run python app.py

# Run installed CLI tool
uv run black .
uv run pytest

# Run with specific Python version
uv run --python 3.11 python script.py

# Pass arguments
uv run python script.py --arg value

包管理

模式 4：添加依赖项

# Add package (adds to pyproject.toml)
uv add requests

# Add with version constraint
uv add "django>=4.0,<5.0"

# Add multiple packages
uv add numpy pandas matplotlib

# Add dev dependency
uv add --dev pytest pytest-cov

# Add optional dependency group
uv add --optional docs sphinx

# Add from git
uv add git+https://github.com/user/repo.git

# Add from git with specific ref
uv add git+https://github.com/user/[email protected]

# Add from local path
uv add ./local-package

# Add editable local package
uv add -e ./local-package

模式 5：移除依赖项

# Remove package
uv remove requests

# Remove dev dependency
uv remove --dev pytest

# Remove multiple packages
uv remove numpy pandas matplotlib

模式 6：升级依赖项

# Upgrade specific package
uv add --upgrade requests

# Upgrade all packages
uv sync --upgrade

# Upgrade package to latest
uv add --upgrade requests

# Show what would be upgraded
uv tree --outdated

模式 7：锁定依赖项

# Generate uv.lock file
uv lock

# Update lock file
uv lock --upgrade

# Lock without installing
uv lock --no-install

# Lock specific package
uv lock --upgrade-package requests

Python 版本管理

模式 8：安装 Python 版本

# Install Python version
uv python install 3.12

# Install multiple versions
uv python install 3.11 3.12 3.13

# Install latest version
uv python install

# List installed versions
uv python list

# Find available versions
uv python list --all-versions

模式 9：设置 Python 版本

# Set Python version for project
uv python pin 3.12

# This creates/updates .python-version file

# Use specific Python version for command
uv --python 3.11 run python script.py

# Create venv with specific version
uv venv --python 3.12

项目配置

模式 10：使用 uv 配置 pyproject.toml

[project]
name = "my-project"
version = "0.1.0"
description = "My awesome project"
readme = "README.md"
requires-python = ">=3.8"
dependencies = [
    "requests>=2.31.0",
    "pydantic>=2.0.0",
    "click>=8.1.0",
]

[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = [
    "pytest>=7.4.0",
    "pytest-cov>=4.1.0",
    "black>=23.0.0",
    "ruff>=0.1.0",
    "mypy>=1.5.0",
]
docs = [
    "sphinx>=7.0.0",
    "sphinx-rtd-theme>=1.3.0",
]

[build-system]
requires = ["hatchling"]
build-backend = "hatchling.build"

[tool.uv]
dev-dependencies = [
    # Additional dev dependencies managed by uv
]

[tool.uv.sources]
# Custom package sources
my-package = { git = "https://github.com/user/repo.git" }

模式 11：在现有项目中使用 uv

# Migrate from requirements.txt
uv add -r requirements.txt

# Migrate from poetry
# Already have pyproject.toml, just use:
uv sync

# Export to requirements.txt
uv pip freeze > requirements.txt

# Export with hashes
uv pip freeze --require-hashes > requirements.txt

高级工作流

模式 12：支持单体仓库

# Project structure
# monorepo/
#   packages/
#     package-a/
#       pyproject.toml
#     package-b/
#       pyproject.toml
#   pyproject.toml (root)

# Root pyproject.toml
[tool.uv.workspace]
members = ["packages/*"]

# Install all workspace packages
uv sync

# Add workspace dependency
uv add --path ./packages/package-a

模式 13：集成 CI/CD

# .github/workflows/test.yml
name: Tests

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install uv
        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v2
        with:
          enable-cache: true

      - name: Set up Python
        run: uv python install 3.12

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: uv sync --all-extras --dev

      - name: Run tests
        run: uv run pytest

      - name: Run linting
        run: |
          uv run ruff check .
          uv run black --check .

模式 14：集成 Docker

# Dockerfile
FROM python:3.12-slim

# Install uv
COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /usr/local/bin/uv

# Set working directory
WORKDIR /app

# Copy dependency files
COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./

# Install dependencies
RUN uv sync --frozen --no-dev

# Copy application code
COPY . .

# Run application
CMD ["uv", "run", "python", "app.py"]

优化的多阶段构建：

# Multi-stage Dockerfile
FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder

# Install uv
COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /usr/local/bin/uv

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies to venv
COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./
RUN uv sync --frozen --no-dev --no-editable

# Runtime stage
FROM python:3.12-slim

WORKDIR /app

# Copy venv from builder
COPY --from=builder /app/.venv .venv
COPY . .

# Use venv
ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"

CMD ["python", "app.py"]

模式 15：锁文件工作流

# Create lockfile (uv.lock)
uv lock

# Install from lockfile (exact versions)
uv sync --frozen

# Update lockfile without installing
uv lock --no-install

# Upgrade specific package in lock
uv lock --upgrade-package requests

# Check if lockfile is up to date
uv lock --check

# Export lockfile to requirements.txt
uv export --format requirements-txt > requirements.txt

# Export with hashes for security
uv export --format requirements-txt --hash > requirements.txt

性能优化

模式 16：使用全局缓存

# UV automatically uses global cache at:
# Linux: ~/.cache/uv
# macOS: ~/Library/Caches/uv
# Windows: %LOCALAPPDATA%\uv\cache

# Clear cache
uv cache clean

# Check cache size
uv cache dir

模式 17：并行安装

# UV installs packages in parallel by default

# Control parallelism
uv pip install --jobs 4 package1 package2

# No parallel (sequential)
uv pip install --jobs 1 package

模式 18：离线模式

# Install from cache only (no network)
uv pip install --offline package

# Sync from lockfile offline
uv sync --frozen --offline

与其他工具对比

uv 与 pip 对比

# pip
python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install requests pandas numpy
# ~30 seconds

# uv
uv venv
uv add requests pandas numpy
# ~2 seconds (10-15x faster)

uv 与 poetry 对比

# poetry
poetry init
poetry add requests pandas
poetry install
# ~20 seconds

# uv
uv init
uv add requests pandas
uv sync
# ~3 seconds (6-7x faster)

uv 与 pip-tools 对比

# pip-tools
pip-compile requirements.in
pip-sync requirements.txt
# ~15 seconds

# uv
uv lock
uv sync --frozen
# ~2 seconds (7-8x faster)

常见工作流

模式 19：启动新项目

# Complete workflow
uv init my-project
cd my-project

# Set Python version
uv python pin 3.12

# Add dependencies
uv add fastapi uvicorn pydantic

# Add dev dependencies
uv add --dev pytest black ruff mypy

# Create structure
mkdir -p src/my_project tests

# Run tests
uv run pytest

# Format code
uv run black .
uv run ruff check .

模式 20：维护现有项目

# Clone repository
git clone https://github.com/user/project.git
cd project

# Install dependencies (creates venv automatically)
uv sync

# Install with dev dependencies
uv sync --all-extras

# Update dependencies
uv lock --upgrade

# Run application
uv run python app.py

# Run tests
uv run pytest

# Add new dependency
uv add new-package

# Commit updated files
git add pyproject.toml uv.lock
git commit -m "Add new-package dependency"

工具集成

模式 21：Pre-commit 钩子

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  - repo: local
    hooks:
      - id: uv-lock
        name: uv lock
        entry: uv lock
        language: system
        pass_filenames: false

      - id: ruff
        name: ruff
        entry: uv run ruff check --fix
        language: system
        types: [python]

      - id: black
        name: black
        entry: uv run black
        language: system
        types: [python]

模式 22：VS Code 集成

// .vscode/settings.json
{
  "python.defaultInterpreterPath": "${workspaceFolder}/.venv/bin/python",
  "python.terminal.activateEnvironment": true,
  "python.testing.pytestEnabled": true,
  "python.testing.pytestArgs": ["-v"],
  "python.linting.enabled": true,
  "python.formatting.provider": "black",
  "[python]": {
    "editor.defaultFormatter": "ms-python.black-formatter",
    "editor.formatOnSave": true
  }
}

故障排除

常见问题

# Issue: uv not found
# Solution: Add to PATH or reinstall
echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc

# Issue: Wrong Python version
# Solution: Pin version explicitly
uv python pin 3.12
uv venv --python 3.12

# Issue: Dependency conflict
# Solution: Check resolution
uv lock --verbose

# Issue: Cache issues
# Solution: Clear cache
uv cache clean

# Issue: Lockfile out of sync
# Solution: Regenerate
uv lock --upgrade

最佳实践

项目设置

1. 始终使用锁文件以确保可复现性
2. 使用 .python-version 固定 Python 版本
3. 将开发依赖项与生产依赖项分开
4. 使用 uv run，而不是激活 venv
5. 将 uv.lock 提交到版本控制系统
6. 在 CI 中使用 --frozen，确保构建一致
7. 利用全局缓存提升速度
8. 在单体仓库中使用 workspace
9. 导出 requirements.txt以确保兼容性
10. 保持 uv 更新以使用最新功能

性能提示

# Use frozen installs in CI
uv sync --frozen

# Use offline mode when possible
uv sync --offline

# Parallel operations (automatic)
# uv does this by default

# Reuse cache across environments
# uv shares cache globally

# Use lockfiles to skip resolution
uv sync --frozen  # skips resolution

迁移指南

从 pip + requirements.txt 迁移

# Before
python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt

# After
uv venv
uv pip install -r requirements.txt
# Or better:
uv init
uv add -r requirements.txt

从 Poetry 迁移

# Before
poetry install
poetry add requests

# After
uv sync
uv add requests

# Keep existing pyproject.toml
# uv reads [project] and [tool.poetry] sections

从 pip-tools 迁移

# Before
pip-compile requirements.in
pip-sync requirements.txt

# After
uv lock
uv sync --frozen

命令参考

基本命令

# Project management
uv init [PATH]              # Initialize project
uv add PACKAGE              # Add dependency
uv remove PACKAGE           # Remove dependency
uv sync                     # Install dependencies
uv lock                     # Create/update lockfile

# Virtual environments
uv venv [PATH]              # Create venv
uv run COMMAND              # Run in venv

# Python management
uv python install VERSION   # Install Python
uv python list              # List installed Pythons
uv python pin VERSION       # Pin Python version

# Package installation (pip-compatible)
uv pip install PACKAGE      # Install package
uv pip uninstall PACKAGE    # Uninstall package
uv pip freeze               # List installed
uv pip list                 # List packages

# Utility
uv cache clean              # Clear cache
uv cache dir                # Show cache location
uv --version                # Show version

资源

• 官方文档：https://docs.astral.sh/uv/
• GitHub 仓库：https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
• Astral 博客：https://astral.sh/blog
• 迁移指南：https://docs.astral.sh/uv/guides/
• 与其他工具的比较：https://docs.astral.sh/uv/pip/compatibility/

最佳实践总结

1. 所有新项目都使用 uv - 从 uv init 开始
2. 提交锁文件 - 确保构建可复现
3. 固定 Python 版本 - 使用 .python-version
4. 使用 uv run - 避免手动激活 venv
5. 充分利用缓存 - 让 uv 管理全局缓存
6. 在 CI 中使用 --frozen - 精确复现
7. 保持 uv 更新 - 这是一个快速发展的项目
8. 使用工作区 - 适用于 monorepo 项目
9. 导出以保持兼容性 - 需要时生成 requirements.txt
10. 阅读文档 - uv 功能丰富且不断演进