uv-skill

uv 技能

由 Astral（Ruff 的创作者）开发的超快 Python 包和项目管理器。

概览

uv 是一款一体化工具，可替代：

• pip/pip-tools - 包安装和依赖解析
• virtualenv/venv - 虚拟环境创建
• pyenv - Python 版本管理
• pipx - 工具安装和执行
• poetry/pdm - 项目和依赖管理
• twine - 包发布

主要功能：

• 速度比 pip 快 10–100 倍
• 通用锁文件（uv.lock），实现可复现构建
• 自动管理 Python 版本
• 内置工具执行功能（uvx）
• 支持 PEP 723 内联脚本依赖
• 可直接替代 pip 使用

快速参考

任务	命令
新建项目	uv init
新建库	uv init --lib
添加包	uv add <pkg>
添加开发依赖	uv add --dev <pkg>
移除包	uv remove <pkg>
安装所有依赖	uv sync
安装（CI/生产环境）	uv sync --locked
运行命令	uv run <cmd>
运行工具（无需安装）	uvx <tool>
安装 Python	uv python install 3.12
固定 Python 版本	uv python pin 3.12
更新所有依赖	uv lock --upgrade
更新单个包	uv lock --upgrade-package <pkg>
显示依赖树	uv tree
构建包	uv build
发布到 PyPI	uv publish

快速入门

安装

# macOS/Linux
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh

# Windows
powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -c "irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 | iex"

# Via pip/pipx
pipx install uv
pip install uv

# Homebrew
brew install uv

Shell 补全

# Bash
echo 'eval "$(uv generate-shell-completion bash)"' >> ~/.bashrc

# Zsh
echo 'eval "$(uv generate-shell-completion zsh)"' >> ~/.zshrc

# Fish
echo 'uv generate-shell-completion fish | source' > ~/.config/fish/completions/uv.fish

基本命令

1. 启动项目

# Create new project
uv init my-project          # Application (default)
uv init --lib my-library    # Library (src layout, build backend)
uv init --app my-app        # Explicit application

# Set Python version
uv python pin 3.12          # Creates .python-version

# Install Python if needed
uv python install 3.12

2. 管理依赖

# Add packages
uv add requests flask       # Production dependencies
uv add --dev pytest ruff    # Development dependencies
uv add --group test pytest  # Specific dependency group
uv add --optional api flask # Optional extra
uv add "httpx>=0.20"        # With version constraint

# Remove packages
uv remove requests
uv remove --dev pytest

# Update packages
uv lock --upgrade                    # All packages
uv lock --upgrade-package requests   # Single package

# View dependencies
uv tree                     # Full tree
uv tree --depth 2           # Limited depth

3. 同步环境

# Install all dependencies
uv sync                     # Default (includes dev)
uv sync --locked            # CI/production (strict)
uv sync --frozen            # Don't update lockfile
uv sync --no-dev            # Exclude dev dependencies
uv sync --all-extras        # Include optional extras

4. 运行代码

# Run in project environment
uv run python script.py
uv run pytest
uv run flask run

# Run with temporary dependency
uv run --with pandas script.py

# Run tools without installing (uvx)
uvx ruff check .
uvx black --check .
uvx --from httpie http https://example.com

5. Python 版本管理

# Install Python versions
uv python install           # Latest version
uv python install 3.12      # Specific version
uv python install 3.11 3.12 3.13  # Multiple

# List versions
uv python list
uv python list --only-installed

# Pin version
uv python pin 3.12          # Project (.python-version)
uv python pin --global 3.12 # User default

# Find Python
uv python find
uv python find ">=3.11"

6. 虚拟环境

# Create (usually automatic)
uv venv                     # Creates .venv
uv venv my-env              # Custom name
uv venv --python 3.12       # Specific Python

# Activate (optional - uv run auto-detects)
source .venv/bin/activate   # macOS/Linux
.venv\Scripts\activate      # Windows

7. 全局工具

# Install tools globally
uv tool install ruff
uv tool install "ruff==0.5.0"
uv tool install --python 3.12 mypy

# Manage tools
uv tool list
uv tool upgrade ruff
uv tool upgrade --all
uv tool uninstall ruff

# Setup PATH
uv tool update-shell

带内联依赖的脚本（PEP 723）

# Initialize script with metadata
uv init --script example.py --python 3.12

# Add dependencies to script
uv add --script example.py requests rich

# Run script (dependencies auto-installed)
uv run example.py

脚本格式：

# /// script
# requires-python = ">=3.12"
# dependencies = [
#   "requests<3",
#   "rich",
# ]
# ///

import requests
from rich import print
print(requests.get("https://api.example.com").json())

兼容 pip 的接口

# Install packages (requires virtual environment)
uv pip install flask
uv pip install -r requirements.txt
uv pip install -e .         # Editable install

# Uninstall
uv pip uninstall flask

# Compile requirements
uv pip compile requirements.in -o requirements.txt

# Sync from requirements
uv pip sync requirements.txt

# Freeze environment
uv pip freeze

构建和发布

# Build distributions
uv build                    # Creates dist/ with wheel and sdist

# Publish to PyPI
uv publish                  # Requires authentication setup

# Authenticate
uv auth login pypi          # Interactive login
uv auth login pypi --token  # API token

项目结构

my-project/
├── pyproject.toml          # Project definition (required)
├── uv.lock                 # Lock file (auto-generated)
├── .venv/                  # Virtual environment (gitignored)
├── .python-version         # Python version pin (optional)
└── src/
    └── my_project/
        └── __init__.py

pyproject.toml 示例

[project]
name = "my-project"
version = "0.1.0"
description = "My awesome project"
readme = "README.md"
requires-python = ">=3.11"
dependencies = [
    "requests>=2.28",
    "click>=8.0",
]

[project.optional-dependencies]
api = ["fastapi", "uvicorn"]
dev = ["pytest", "ruff"]

[project.scripts]
my-cli = "my_project.cli:main"

[dependency-groups]
dev = ["pytest>=8", "ruff", "mypy"]
test = ["pytest-cov"]
docs = ["sphinx", "myst-parser"]

[tool.uv]
dev-dependencies = ["pytest", "ruff"]  # Alternative to dependency-groups
default-groups = ["dev"]

[tool.uv.sources]
# Git dependency
my-lib = { git = "https://github.com/user/my-lib" }
# Local path
local-pkg = { path = "./packages/local-pkg" }
# Specific index
torch = { index = "pytorch" }

[[tool.uv.index]]
name = "pytorch"
url = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu"
explicit = true

配置

配置文件

项目级（优先级最高）：

• uv.toml - 独立配置（首选）
• pyproject.toml - [tool.uv] 部分

用户级：

• ~/.config/uv/uv.toml（macOS/Linux）
• %APPDATA%\uv\uv.toml（Windows）

主要环境变量

变量	用途
UV_CACHE_DIR	缓存目录位置
UV_PYTHON	默认 Python 版本
UV_INDEX_URL	默认包索引
UV_NO_CACHE	禁用缓存
UV_FROZEN	使用锁文件但不更新
UV_LOCKED	确认锁文件未更改
UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE	编译为 .pyc 文件
UV_LINK_MODE	包链接模式（copy、hardlink、symlink）

常见工作流

新项目设置

# Create and enter project
uv init my-project
cd my-project

# Add dependencies
uv add flask sqlalchemy
uv add --dev pytest ruff mypy

# Run application
uv run flask run

# Run tests
uv run pytest

现有项目（使用 requirements.txt）

# Initialize uv project
uv init

# Import dependencies from requirements.txt
uv add $(cat requirements.txt | grep -v "^#" | tr '\n' ' ')

# Or use pip interface
uv venv
uv pip install -r requirements.txt

CI/CD 流水线

# GitHub Actions
- uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
  with:
    enable-cache: true
- run: uv sync --locked
- run: uv run pytest

# GitLab CI
variables:
  UV_CACHE_DIR: .uv-cache
  UV_LINK_MODE: copy
image: ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest
script:
  - uv sync --locked
  - uv run pytest

Docker

FROM python:3.12-slim
COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /uvx /bin/

WORKDIR /app
COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./

# Install dependencies only (for caching)
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
    uv sync --locked --no-install-project

# Copy source and install project
COPY . .
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
    uv sync --locked

ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"
CMD ["python", "-m", "my_app"]

direnv 集成

# .envrc
if has uv; then
  VIRTUAL_ENV="$(pwd)/.venv"
  if [[ ! -d "$VIRTUAL_ENV" ]]; then
    uv venv
  fi
  PATH_add "$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin"
  export VIRTUAL_ENV
fi

迁移指南

从 pip + requirements.txt 迁移

# Option 1: Initialize new uv project and import dependencies
uv init
# Extract package names from requirements.txt
cat requirements.txt | grep -v "^#" | grep -v "^-e" | \
  cut -d'=' -f1 | cut -d'>' -f1 | xargs uv add

# Option 2: Keep using requirements.txt with uv's pip interface
uv venv
uv pip install -r requirements.txt

# Option 3: Generate lockfile from requirements.txt
uv pip compile requirements.in -o requirements.txt

主要区别：

• 使用 uv.lock 代替 requirements.txt 锁定依赖
• 使用 pyproject.toml 代替 requirements.in 声明依赖
• 使用 uv run 代替激活 virtualenv

从 Poetry 迁移

# uv can read Poetry's pyproject.toml format
cd existing-poetry-project

# Initialize uv (keeps existing pyproject.toml)
uv sync

# Poetry sections are automatically recognized:
# [tool.poetry.dependencies] -> project dependencies
# [tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies] -> dev dependencies

迁移 pyproject.toml（可选，但建议迁移）：

# Poetry format
[tool.poetry.dependencies]
python = "^3.11"
requests = "^2.28"

[tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
pytest = "^8.0"

# Standard format (uv native)
[project]
requires-python = ">=3.11"
dependencies = ["requests>=2.28"]

[dependency-groups]
dev = ["pytest>=8.0"]

命令对应关系：

Poetry	uv
poetry install	uv sync
poetry add requests	uv add requests
poetry add -D pytest	uv add --dev pytest
poetry remove requests	uv remove requests
poetry run pytest	uv run pytest
poetry lock	uv lock
poetry build	uv build
poetry publish	uv publish

从 Pipenv 迁移

# Convert Pipfile to requirements.txt first
pipenv requirements > requirements.txt
pipenv requirements --dev > requirements-dev.txt

# Initialize uv project and import
uv init
cat requirements.txt | grep -v "^#" | xargs uv add
cat requirements-dev.txt | grep -v "^#" | xargs uv add --dev

# Remove old Pipenv files after verification
rm Pipfile Pipfile.lock

命令对应关系：

Pipenv	uv
pipenv install	uv sync
pipenv install requests	uv add requests
pipenv install --dev pytest	uv add --dev pytest
pipenv run pytest	uv run pytest
pipenv lock	uv lock
pipenv shell	source .venv/bin/activate（或使用 uv run）

来自 pyenv（仅用于 Python 版本管理）

# Install Python versions with uv instead
uv python install 3.11 3.12 3.13

# Pin version for project (creates .python-version)
uv python pin 3.12

# List installed versions
uv python list --only-installed

# uv reads existing .python-version files from pyenv

**注意：**你可以同时使用 pyenv 和 uv——uv 会检测通过 pyenv 安装的 Python。

来自 conda

uv 不能替代 conda 来管理：

• 非 Python 依赖项（C 库、CUDA 等）
• 不在 PyPI 上的 conda 专属软件包

对于纯 Python 项目：

# Export conda environment
conda list --export > conda-packages.txt

# Extract Python packages (filter conda-specific ones)
grep -v "^#" conda-packages.txt | grep -v "conda" | cut -d'=' -f1 > packages.txt

# Initialize uv and add packages
uv init
uv add $(cat packages.txt | tr '\n' ' ')

**混合方案：**使用 conda 管理系统依赖项，使用 uv 管理 Python 软件包：

# Conda for non-Python deps
conda create -n myenv python=3.12 cudatoolkit

# Activate conda env, then use uv
conda activate myenv
export UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON=1
uv pip install -r requirements.txt

常见陷阱

1. 在 CI/生产环境中忘记使用 --locked

# Wrong - may update lockfile unexpectedly
uv sync

# Correct - fails if lockfile is outdated (reproducible builds)
uv sync --locked

2. 混用 uv 和 pip 命令

# Don't do this - breaks uv's dependency tracking
pip install some-package
source .venv/bin/activate && pip install another-package

# Do this instead - uv tracks all dependencies
uv add some-package
# Or use uv's pip interface if needed
uv pip install some-package

3. 未提交 uv.lock

必须将 uv.lock 文件提交到版本控制中，以确保构建可复现。否则，不同环境解析出的依赖项可能不同。

# .gitignore - DON'T ignore uv.lock
.venv/
__pycache__/
# uv.lock  <-- DO NOT ADD THIS LINE

4. 在项目环境之外运行命令

# Wrong - uses system Python, not project environment
python script.py
pytest

# Correct - runs within project's virtual environment
uv run python script.py
uv run pytest

5. 手动编辑 uv.lock

切勿手动编辑 uv.lock。它由 uv 自动生成和管理。

# To update a specific package
uv lock --upgrade-package requests

# To upgrade all packages
uv lock --upgrade

# To regenerate from scratch
rm uv.lock && uv lock

6. 误用 --frozen，而非 --locked

# --frozen: Don't update lockfile, but don't verify it either
uv sync --frozen

# --locked: Verify lockfile matches pyproject.toml (use this in CI)
uv sync --locked

故障排查

常见问题

问题	原因	解决方案
No pyproject.toml	目录不正确	使用 cd 切换到根目录，或运行 uv init
找不到软件包	索引错误／拼写错误	检查名称，尝试使用 --index
锁文件过时	pyproject 已更改	运行 uv lock
Resolver conflict	版本冲突	尝试运行 uv lock --upgrade
Python 版本不匹配	尚未安装	运行 uv python install 3.12
构建失败	缺少依赖项	尝试使用 --no-build-isolation
哈希不匹配	缓存损坏	运行 uv cache clean
首次运行缓慢	缓存为空	属正常情况；之后会使用缓存

调试命令

# Check current environment
uv python find
uv pip list

# Verbose output
uv sync -v
uv sync -vv  # More verbose

# Check lockfile status
uv lock --check

# Clear cache
uv cache clean
uv cache prune --ci  # For CI environments

参考资料

• references/cli-commands.md - CLI 完整参考
• references/project-management.md - 项目和依赖项管理
• references/python-versions.md - Python 版本管理
• references/integrations.md - Docker、CI/CD 和工具集成

外部链接

• 官方文档：https://docs.astral.sh/uv/
• GitHub：https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
• Docker 镜像：https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/pkgs/container/uv
• 更新日志：https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md