vb-database

Visual Basic 数据库模式

针对 VB.NET 的 ADO.NET 和 Entity Framework 模式，重点关注连接管理、参数化查询和异步操作。

ADO.NET 模式

连接管理

' ✅ Good: Using statement ensures disposal
Public Async Function GetCustomersAsync() As Task(Of List(Of Customer))
    Dim customers = New List(Of Customer)()

    Using connection = New SqlConnection(connectionString)
        Await connection.OpenAsync()

        Using command = New SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE IsActive = @isActive", connection)
            command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@isActive", True)

            Using reader = Await command.ExecuteReaderAsync()
                While Await reader.ReadAsync()
                    customers.Add(New Customer With {
                        .Id = reader.GetInt32(0),
                        .Name = reader.GetString(1),
                        .Email = reader.GetString(2)
                    })
                End While
            End Using
        End Using
    End Using

    Return customers
End Function

参数化查询（对防止 SQL 注入至关重要）

' ✅ Good: Parameterized query
Public Async Function FindCustomerAsync(email As String) As Task(Of Customer)
    Using connection = New SqlConnection(connectionString)
        Await connection.OpenAsync()

        Dim sql = "SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Email = @email"
        Using command = New SqlCommand(sql, connection)
            command.Parameters.Add("@email", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 255).Value = email

            Using reader = Await command.ExecuteReaderAsync()
                If Await reader.ReadAsync() Then
                    Return MapCustomer(reader)
                End If
            End Using
        End Using
    End Using

    Return Nothing
End Function

' ❌ BAD: String concatenation (SQL injection risk!)
Dim sql = $"SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Email = '{email}'"  ' NEVER DO THIS!

事务管理

Public Async Function TransferFundsAsync(fromAccountId As Integer, toAccountId As Integer, amount As Decimal) As Task
    Using connection = New SqlConnection(connectionString)
        Await connection.OpenAsync()

        Using transaction = connection.BeginTransaction()
            Try
                ' Debit from account
                Using command = New SqlCommand("UPDATE Accounts SET Balance = Balance - @amount WHERE Id = @id", connection, transaction)
                    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@amount", amount)
                    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", fromAccountId)
                    Await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync()
                End Using

                ' Credit to account
                Using command = New SqlCommand("UPDATE Accounts SET Balance = Balance + @amount WHERE Id = @id", connection, transaction)
                    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@amount", amount)
                    command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", toAccountId)
                    Await command.ExecuteNonQueryAsync()
                End Using

                transaction.Commit()
            Catch ex As Exception
                transaction.Rollback()
                Throw
            End Try
        End Using
    End Using
End Function

批量操作

Public Async Function BulkInsertCustomersAsync(customers As List(Of Customer)) As Task
    Using connection = New SqlConnection(connectionString)
        Await connection.OpenAsync()

        ' Create DataTable
        Dim table = New DataTable()
        table.Columns.Add("Name", GetType(String))
        table.Columns.Add("Email", GetType(String))
        table.Columns.Add("CreatedAt", GetType(DateTime))

        For Each customer In customers
            table.Rows.Add(customer.Name, customer.Email, DateTime.Now)
        Next

        ' Bulk copy
        Using bulkCopy = New SqlBulkCopy(connection)
            bulkCopy.DestinationTableName = "Customers"
            bulkCopy.BatchSize = 1000
            Await bulkCopy.WriteToServerAsync(table)
        End Using
    End Using
End Function

Entity Framework Core 模式

DbContext 设置

Public Class AppDbContext
    Inherits DbContext

    Public Property Customers As DbSet(Of Customer)
    Public Property Orders As DbSet(Of Order)

    Public Sub New(options As DbContextOptions(Of AppDbContext))
        MyBase.New(options)
    End Sub

    Protected Overrides Sub OnModelCreating(builder As ModelBuilder)
        ' Configure entity
        builder.Entity(Of Customer)(Sub(entity)
            entity.HasKey(Function(c) c.Id)
            entity.Property(Function(c) c.Name).IsRequired().HasMaxLength(200)
            entity.Property(Function(c) c.Email).IsRequired().HasMaxLength(255)
            entity.HasIndex(Function(c) c.Email).IsUnique()
        End Sub)

        ' Configure relationship
        builder.Entity(Of Order)(Sub(entity)
            entity.HasOne(Function(o) o.Customer) _
                  .WithMany(Function(c) c.Orders) _
                  .HasForeignKey(Function(o) o.CustomerId)
        End Sub)
    End Sub
End Class

CRUD 操作

Public Class CustomerRepository
    Private ReadOnly context As AppDbContext

    Public Sub New(context As AppDbContext)
        Me.context = context
    End Sub

    ' Create
    Public Async Function AddAsync(customer As Customer) As Task(Of Customer)
        context.Customers.Add(customer)
        Await context.SaveChangesAsync()
        Return customer
    End Function

    ' Read
    Public Async Function GetByIdAsync(id As Integer) As Task(Of Customer)
        Return Await context.Customers _
            .Include(Function(c) c.Orders) _
            .FirstOrDefaultAsync(Function(c) c.Id = id)
    End Function

    ' Update
    Public Async Function UpdateAsync(customer As Customer) As Task
        context.Customers.Update(customer)
        Await context.SaveChangesAsync()
    End Function

    ' Delete
    Public Async Function DeleteAsync(id As Integer) As Task
        Dim customer = Await context.Customers.FindAsync(id)
        If customer IsNot Nothing Then
            context.Customers.Remove(customer)
            Await context.SaveChangesAsync()
        End If
    End Function

    ' Query with filtering
    Public Async Function GetActiveCustomersAsync() As Task(Of List(Of Customer))
        Return Await context.Customers _
            .Where(Function(c) c.IsActive) _
            .OrderBy(Function(c) c.Name) _
            .ToListAsync()
    End Function
End Class

异步查询

' Single result
Dim customer = Await context.Customers _
    .FirstOrDefaultAsync(Function(c) c.Email = email)

' List results
Dim customers = Await context.Customers _
    .Where(Function(c) c.IsActive) _
    .ToListAsync()

' Count
Dim count = Await context.Customers.CountAsync()

' Any
Dim exists = Await context.Customers _
    .AnyAsync(Function(c) c.Email = email)

' Aggregate
Dim totalOrders = Await context.Orders.SumAsync(Function(o) o.Amount)

更改跟踪

' Detach entity
context.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Detached

' Track changes
Dim customer = Await context.Customers.FindAsync(id)
customer.Name = "Updated Name"

' See what changed
Dim entry = context.Entry(customer)
For Each prop In entry.Properties
    If prop.IsModified Then
        Console.WriteLine($"{prop.Metadata.Name}: {prop.OriginalValue} -> {prop.CurrentValue}")
    End If
Next

Await context.SaveChangesAsync()

数据库迁移

代码优先迁移

# Add migration
dotnet ef migrations add InitialCreate

# Update database
dotnet ef database update

# Rollback
dotnet ef database update PreviousMigration

# Generate SQL script
dotnet ef migrations script

迁移类

Public Class CreateCustomersTable
    Inherits Migration

    Protected Overrides Sub Up(migrationBuilder As MigrationBuilder)
        migrationBuilder.CreateTable(
            name:="Customers",
            columns:=Function(table) New With {
                .Id = table.Column(Of Integer)(nullable:=False).Annotation("SqlServer:Identity", "1, 1"),
                .Name = table.Column(Of String)(maxLength:=200, nullable:=False),
                .Email = table.Column(Of String)(maxLength:=255, nullable:=False),
                .CreatedAt = table.Column(Of DateTime)(nullable:=False)
            },
            constraints:=Sub(table)
                table.PrimaryKey("PK_Customers", Function(x) x.Id)
                table.UniqueConstraint("UK_Customers_Email", Function(x) x.Email)
            End Sub
        )

        migrationBuilder.CreateIndex(
            name:="IX_Customers_Email",
            table:="Customers",
            column:="Email",
            unique:=True
        )
    End Sub

    Protected Overrides Sub Down(migrationBuilder As MigrationBuilder)
        migrationBuilder.DropTable(name:="Customers")
    End Sub
End Class

连接字符串管理

' appsettings.json
{
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "DefaultConnection": "Server=(localdb)\\mssqllocaldb;Database=MyApp;Trusted_Connection=True;"
  }
}

' Startup configuration
Public Class Startup
    Public Sub ConfigureServices(services As IServiceCollection)
        services.AddDbContext(Of AppDbContext)(Sub(options)
            options.UseSqlServer(Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection"))
        End Sub)
    End Sub
End Class

最佳实践

✅ 应该做

' Use async methods
Dim customers = Await context.Customers.ToListAsync()

' Use parameterized queries
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@email", email)

' Dispose connections
Using connection = New SqlConnection(connectionString)
End Using

' Use transactions for multiple operations
Using transaction = connection.BeginTransaction()

' Use IQueryable for deferred execution
Dim query As IQueryable(Of Customer) = context.Customers.Where(Function(c) c.IsActive)

❌ 不要做

' Don't concatenate SQL (SQL injection!)
Dim sql = $"SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Email = '{email}'"

' Don't forget to dispose
Dim connection = New SqlConnection(connectionString)  ' No Using - leak!

' Don't block on async
Dim result = GetDataAsync().Result  ' Deadlock risk

' Don't load entire table when filtering
Dim customers = context.Customers.ToList().Where(Function(c) c.IsActive)  ' Loads all first!
' Better: context.Customers.Where(Function(c) c.IsActive).ToList()

相关技能

• vb-core：VB.NET 核心模式
• vb-winforms：使用数据库绑定的 Windows Forms
• test-driven-development：测试数据库操作